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... hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Survival Theory of the Functioning of the Hypocretinergic System or “Unified Hypocretinergic Survival Theory”). A priori presumptive support for the Unified ...
... hypocretinergic (orexinergic) system initiates, coordinates, and maintains survival behaviors and survival-related processes (i.e., the Unified Survival Theory of the Functioning of the Hypocretinergic System or “Unified Hypocretinergic Survival Theory”). A priori presumptive support for the Unified ...
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et al. 1998; LaBar et al. 1998; Whalen et al. 1998), increasing the relevance of the animal model. Third, it is becoming increas ...
... in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et al. 1998; LaBar et al. 1998; Whalen et al. 1998), increasing the relevance of the animal model. Third, it is becoming increas ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... showed that aberrant neurons occurred significantly more frequently in experimental embryos than in normal embryos ( p ⫽ 0.03). Projection neurons with altered morphologies were also encountered, although less frequently (Fig. 3), in control embryos in which they constituted 7.5% of the neurons stai ...
... showed that aberrant neurons occurred significantly more frequently in experimental embryos than in normal embryos ( p ⫽ 0.03). Projection neurons with altered morphologies were also encountered, although less frequently (Fig. 3), in control embryos in which they constituted 7.5% of the neurons stai ...
365 Brainy Fact-A
... --The vagus nerve, important for controlling heart rate and other internal functions, is the longest of the 12 cranial nerves. ...
... --The vagus nerve, important for controlling heart rate and other internal functions, is the longest of the 12 cranial nerves. ...
The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
... the amygdala, nor the impact that processing in this structure has on the motivational limbic corticostriatal circuitry of which it is an important structure. Here we discuss the interactions between different amygdala nuclei with cortical and striatal regions involved in motivation; interconnection ...
... the amygdala, nor the impact that processing in this structure has on the motivational limbic corticostriatal circuitry of which it is an important structure. Here we discuss the interactions between different amygdala nuclei with cortical and striatal regions involved in motivation; interconnection ...
Activity-dependent editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections
... ROLE OF NEURAL ACTIVITY IN SYNAPTIC COMPETITION: MEDIATOR OR MODULATOR? Collectively, the available data on competition at neuromuscular and most other synapses support an activity-dependent positive feedback mechanism in which gradual changes in synaptic strength and synaptic area contribute to an ...
... ROLE OF NEURAL ACTIVITY IN SYNAPTIC COMPETITION: MEDIATOR OR MODULATOR? Collectively, the available data on competition at neuromuscular and most other synapses support an activity-dependent positive feedback mechanism in which gradual changes in synaptic strength and synaptic area contribute to an ...
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with
... Luppino, and Rizzolatti (1985). In Monkey 1, we investigated also part of medial F5. All neurons were tested for their responsiveness to monkey active movements and to visual stimuli (see also Methods). Testing motor properties mainly consisted in eliciting hand, arm, and mouth actions by presenting ...
... Luppino, and Rizzolatti (1985). In Monkey 1, we investigated also part of medial F5. All neurons were tested for their responsiveness to monkey active movements and to visual stimuli (see also Methods). Testing motor properties mainly consisted in eliciting hand, arm, and mouth actions by presenting ...
I Know What You Are Doing: A - Università degli Studi di Parma
... Table 1, left and central columns, shows the actions whose observation triggered the neurons and the number of neurons responsive to the observation of each of them, respectively. Twelve neurons responded to the observation of one action only, while the remainders responded to the observation of two ...
... Table 1, left and central columns, shows the actions whose observation triggered the neurons and the number of neurons responsive to the observation of each of them, respectively. Twelve neurons responded to the observation of one action only, while the remainders responded to the observation of two ...
Optical brain imaging in vivo: techniques and applications from
... dependent 共BOLD兲 signal, widely thought to correlate with HbR concentration. However, a BOLD increase 共an HbR decrease兲 may correspond to an increase in oxygenation, or a decrease in blood volume. Newer fMRI methods such as arterial spin labeling 共ASL兲 can provide measures of flow, and intravenous c ...
... dependent 共BOLD兲 signal, widely thought to correlate with HbR concentration. However, a BOLD increase 共an HbR decrease兲 may correspond to an increase in oxygenation, or a decrease in blood volume. Newer fMRI methods such as arterial spin labeling 共ASL兲 can provide measures of flow, and intravenous c ...
Experimentally cross-wired lingual taste nerves can restore normal
... function in rats that had the GL routed to the AT on one side and all of the remaining lingual gustatory nerves transected. These animals displayed relatively normal preference-aversion functions for sucrose, saccharin, and quinine, as assessed in 48-h two-bottle tests. The significance of such beha ...
... function in rats that had the GL routed to the AT on one side and all of the remaining lingual gustatory nerves transected. These animals displayed relatively normal preference-aversion functions for sucrose, saccharin, and quinine, as assessed in 48-h two-bottle tests. The significance of such beha ...
ficient mice: Distinct effects in Finnish variant late infantile NCL
... models of NCL share several common pathological similarities, including selective loss of GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, cortical and thalamic atrophy and pronounced early gliosis (reviewed in Mitchison et al., 2004; Cooper et al., 2006). More detailed pathological analyses of mouse models of ...
... models of NCL share several common pathological similarities, including selective loss of GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, cortical and thalamic atrophy and pronounced early gliosis (reviewed in Mitchison et al., 2004; Cooper et al., 2006). More detailed pathological analyses of mouse models of ...
The Optic Tectum of Birds - Department of Psychology
... and (C) are photomicrographs showing retrogradely labelled cells set within tight clusters of fine terminals indicating the reciprocal connections of the tectum with the Ipc and nucleus semilunaris (SLu), respectively. The insets show the approximate locations of the injections of red and green fluo ...
... and (C) are photomicrographs showing retrogradely labelled cells set within tight clusters of fine terminals indicating the reciprocal connections of the tectum with the Ipc and nucleus semilunaris (SLu), respectively. The insets show the approximate locations of the injections of red and green fluo ...
Olfactory pathway
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
... the temporal lobe (uncus). Then to olfactory association cortex (anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus or entorinal area). The primary olfactory area and olfactory association cortex are referred to as the pyriform cortex. It is responsible for the appreciation of olfactory stimuli. ...
Electrolytic lesion of globus pallidus ameliorates the behavioral and
... sham, 4 striatal, 4 pallidal, and 4 combined. were randomly chosen for histological assessment. ŽThe remaining rats are continuing behavioral testing.. Rats were anaesthetized with an overdose of nembutal and perfused intracardially with 100 ml 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline ŽPBS. pH 7.4, followed ...
... sham, 4 striatal, 4 pallidal, and 4 combined. were randomly chosen for histological assessment. ŽThe remaining rats are continuing behavioral testing.. Rats were anaesthetized with an overdose of nembutal and perfused intracardially with 100 ml 0.1 M phosphate buffered saline ŽPBS. pH 7.4, followed ...
Target-specific differences in somatodendritic morphology of layer V
... areas, such as striatum and thalamus, in addition to spinal cord. However, it is not known whether layer V pyramidal cells in motor cortex that project to different subcortical targets differ morphologically with respect to dendritic arborization and spine distribution. In the present study, we inve ...
... areas, such as striatum and thalamus, in addition to spinal cord. However, it is not known whether layer V pyramidal cells in motor cortex that project to different subcortical targets differ morphologically with respect to dendritic arborization and spine distribution. In the present study, we inve ...
B.F. SKINNER AND HIS CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE AND TO
... music and then educational psychology and today she is one of the main advocates of her father’s work and director of the B.F. Skinner Foundation that seeks to promote his legacy. Deborah is a successful painter who lives in England. At the University of Minnesota Skinner “recruited” in the name of ...
... music and then educational psychology and today she is one of the main advocates of her father’s work and director of the B.F. Skinner Foundation that seeks to promote his legacy. Deborah is a successful painter who lives in England. At the University of Minnesota Skinner “recruited” in the name of ...
Ventral Intraparietal Area of the Macaque: Anatomic Location and
... maker for generating oriented stimuli that were also presented via mirror galvanometers. A third stimulus, the small fixation point (0.25’ ) at the center of the screen, was generated by a stationary LED projector. A fixation point could be placed anywhere on the screen by using one of the optic ben ...
... maker for generating oriented stimuli that were also presented via mirror galvanometers. A third stimulus, the small fixation point (0.25’ ) at the center of the screen, was generated by a stationary LED projector. A fixation point could be placed anywhere on the screen by using one of the optic ben ...
Possible Links among Mirror Neurons and Genes
... and brain abnormalities (Nudel et al. 2013). Moreover, as a thorough study on genes repressed by FOXP2, CNTNAP2 has been implicated in disorders such as specific language impairment and autism, among others, it shed some light on the mechanism through which FOXP2 may influence speech and language (Nu ...
... and brain abnormalities (Nudel et al. 2013). Moreover, as a thorough study on genes repressed by FOXP2, CNTNAP2 has been implicated in disorders such as specific language impairment and autism, among others, it shed some light on the mechanism through which FOXP2 may influence speech and language (Nu ...
Neural Induction in Xenopus: Requirement for Ectodermal and
... neuroectoderm and Spemann organizer precursor cells. Both centers are downstream of the early b-Catenin signal. Molecular analyses demonstrated that the BCNE center was distinct from the Nieuwkoop center, and that the Nieuwkoop center expressed the secreted protein Cerberus (Cer). We found that expl ...
... neuroectoderm and Spemann organizer precursor cells. Both centers are downstream of the early b-Catenin signal. Molecular analyses demonstrated that the BCNE center was distinct from the Nieuwkoop center, and that the Nieuwkoop center expressed the secreted protein Cerberus (Cer). We found that expl ...
Models in Psychopathology
... Recent variations of behavioral theory Social learning theory Delay of reinforcement Social modeling ...
... Recent variations of behavioral theory Social learning theory Delay of reinforcement Social modeling ...
Operant conditioning and motor cortex - D
... behavior, the exact relationship between patterns of cortical activity and effected action is not well-understood. A particular matter of controversy is the degree to which such patterns subserve a singular function in the control of behavior, and are constrained by this specific role. The reported ...
... behavior, the exact relationship between patterns of cortical activity and effected action is not well-understood. A particular matter of controversy is the degree to which such patterns subserve a singular function in the control of behavior, and are constrained by this specific role. The reported ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... Introduction The basal ganglia (BG), working together with the cortex, are crucial for action selection and decision making (Graybiel, 1995; Mink, 1996; Ding and Gold, 2013). In a decision process, a motor response could be triggered when accumulated information about alternative choices reaches a t ...
... Introduction The basal ganglia (BG), working together with the cortex, are crucial for action selection and decision making (Graybiel, 1995; Mink, 1996; Ding and Gold, 2013). In a decision process, a motor response could be triggered when accumulated information about alternative choices reaches a t ...
Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... activate the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. A key switch in the hypothalamus shuts off this arousal system during sleep. Other hypothalamic neurons stabilize the switch, and their absence results in inappropriate switching of behavioural states, such as occurs in narcolepsy. These findings explai ...
... activate the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. A key switch in the hypothalamus shuts off this arousal system during sleep. Other hypothalamic neurons stabilize the switch, and their absence results in inappropriate switching of behavioural states, such as occurs in narcolepsy. These findings explai ...
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...
... as projecting to the posterior pituitary but which did not participate in this bursting activity could ...