Developmental structure in brain evolution
... The reason for this well-characterized relationship (Martin 1982) has always remained essentially unexplained, though there have been many intriguing attempts. The neural machinery for controlling muscles and for enervating the sensory surface might reasonably increase with some function of body siz ...
... The reason for this well-characterized relationship (Martin 1982) has always remained essentially unexplained, though there have been many intriguing attempts. The neural machinery for controlling muscles and for enervating the sensory surface might reasonably increase with some function of body siz ...
Full Text - Anesth Pain Med
... P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are released when the trigeminal fibres or trigeminal ganglion is activated (31, 32). This release of neuropeptides has been proposed as a pain mechanism in migraine and other primary headaches (33, 34). Histochemical studies on rats have revealed the p ...
... P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are released when the trigeminal fibres or trigeminal ganglion is activated (31, 32). This release of neuropeptides has been proposed as a pain mechanism in migraine and other primary headaches (33, 34). Histochemical studies on rats have revealed the p ...
Enlargement of Axo-Somatic Contacts Formed by
... although ABA is induced by the initial imposition of food restriction (FR), once animals have begun to lose body weight, their voluntary wheel activity becomes so excessive that animals choose wheel running over eating, even during the limited hours of food access. In this way, ABA-induced animals e ...
... although ABA is induced by the initial imposition of food restriction (FR), once animals have begun to lose body weight, their voluntary wheel activity becomes so excessive that animals choose wheel running over eating, even during the limited hours of food access. In this way, ABA-induced animals e ...
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in Inflammatory and Degenerative Brain
... focusing on some major human neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson disease (PD), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and Alzheimer disease (AD). First, the emerging role of COX-2 in cognitive functions will be discussed since understandin ...
... focusing on some major human neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson disease (PD), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and Alzheimer disease (AD). First, the emerging role of COX-2 in cognitive functions will be discussed since understandin ...
Neural Correlates of Vibrissa Resonance: Band
... tuning that was consistently related to the corresponding vibrissa resonance. Paralleling the responses observed in NV neurons, RSU and FSU responses demonstrated several-fold increases in firing rate that were correlated with proximity to the FRF (Figure 3). Consistent with previous findings of hig ...
... tuning that was consistently related to the corresponding vibrissa resonance. Paralleling the responses observed in NV neurons, RSU and FSU responses demonstrated several-fold increases in firing rate that were correlated with proximity to the FRF (Figure 3). Consistent with previous findings of hig ...
Stress, serotonin, and hippocampal neurogenesis
... and is likely due to the interaction of many intrinsic (e.g. genetic predisposition, gender and personality factors) and extrinsic factors (e.g. drug use, insufficient social support and stress) (Jans et al., 2007). Among environmental elements, stress has been given considerable attention as one of ...
... and is likely due to the interaction of many intrinsic (e.g. genetic predisposition, gender and personality factors) and extrinsic factors (e.g. drug use, insufficient social support and stress) (Jans et al., 2007). Among environmental elements, stress has been given considerable attention as one of ...
physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: rapid induction by learning
... to infer mental or cerebral events, the dominant theme was to regard behavior as an end in itself. Consequently, the study of learning became largely a study of the modification of reflexes with experience. Unfortunately, while experimental psychology amassed valuable data and developed important ex ...
... to infer mental or cerebral events, the dominant theme was to regard behavior as an end in itself. Consequently, the study of learning became largely a study of the modification of reflexes with experience. Unfortunately, while experimental psychology amassed valuable data and developed important ex ...
Linking form and motion in the primate brain
... images of human figures, 60% are sensitive to the degree of articulation shown by the human. About half of the cells sensitive to images of human figures prefer implied motion, whereas the other half of the cells prefer standing or sitting images [45]. These findings suggest that STSa processes hig ...
... images of human figures, 60% are sensitive to the degree of articulation shown by the human. About half of the cells sensitive to images of human figures prefer implied motion, whereas the other half of the cells prefer standing or sitting images [45]. These findings suggest that STSa processes hig ...
Sensorimotor cortical influences on cuneate nucleus
... To identify antidromically CLs, a bipolar stimulating electrode (0.5 mm intertip space, 40–50 μm diameter and insulated except at the tip) was introduced through a craniotomy into the contralateral medial lemniscus (ML) at Horsley–Clarke stereotaxic coordinates A 2, L 4.5, H −5. Recording of evoked ...
... To identify antidromically CLs, a bipolar stimulating electrode (0.5 mm intertip space, 40–50 μm diameter and insulated except at the tip) was introduced through a craniotomy into the contralateral medial lemniscus (ML) at Horsley–Clarke stereotaxic coordinates A 2, L 4.5, H −5. Recording of evoked ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
The Role of Associative Processes in Spatial
... 2.3 Cue Competition Effects in Spatial Maps Learning theorists have used the technique of presenting multiple cues in compound to study the selective nature of learning and performance (Blaisdell, 2003). How the learning process selects among potential CSs or other antecedent events to form associa ...
... 2.3 Cue Competition Effects in Spatial Maps Learning theorists have used the technique of presenting multiple cues in compound to study the selective nature of learning and performance (Blaisdell, 2003). How the learning process selects among potential CSs or other antecedent events to form associa ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... 2004; Kuramoto et al. 2011) and relays basal ganglia information to the cerebral cortex including motor areas. Thus, the VM is at least partly associated with the motor function as well as with other cortical functions. In addition to the VM, the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclear complex ...
... 2004; Kuramoto et al. 2011) and relays basal ganglia information to the cerebral cortex including motor areas. Thus, the VM is at least partly associated with the motor function as well as with other cortical functions. In addition to the VM, the ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclear complex ...
Sources of the Scalp-Recorded Amplitude
... Ranjan Batrat Douglas C. Fitzpatrick§ Natacha Teissier* William R. D'Angelo* ...
... Ranjan Batrat Douglas C. Fitzpatrick§ Natacha Teissier* William R. D'Angelo* ...
Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... in vitro model, the acute effects of nicotine on the firing of SNc and VTA neurons were compared in transverse juvenile rat midbrain sections (300-350 mm) using extracellular recording. Levels of nicotine comparable with those encountered in smokers (0.2-1.0 mM, 3 min) not only increased firing rate ...
... in vitro model, the acute effects of nicotine on the firing of SNc and VTA neurons were compared in transverse juvenile rat midbrain sections (300-350 mm) using extracellular recording. Levels of nicotine comparable with those encountered in smokers (0.2-1.0 mM, 3 min) not only increased firing rate ...
Ch. 1
... about his or her experiences, attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and behaviors – Interviews can take place in person, over the phone, or over the Internet • The open-ended interview is flexible and permits participants to explain their thoughts thoroughly and in their own way • Structured interviews are ...
... about his or her experiences, attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and behaviors – Interviews can take place in person, over the phone, or over the Internet • The open-ended interview is flexible and permits participants to explain their thoughts thoroughly and in their own way • Structured interviews are ...
The Operant-Respondent Distinction Revisited: Toward
... distinction between the operant and the respondent, a full treatment of each of those research areas will not be given here. Rather, we discuss only those areas believed to be conceptually relevant to the problem at hand: We wish to raise the possibility that instances of operant behavior as they ha ...
... distinction between the operant and the respondent, a full treatment of each of those research areas will not be given here. Rather, we discuss only those areas believed to be conceptually relevant to the problem at hand: We wish to raise the possibility that instances of operant behavior as they ha ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... Decoding accuracy as a function of LFP band for three representative 400 ms time bins within the cue, attention, and saccade epochs. Thin blue bars on top represent statistically higher than chance decoding ( p ⬍ 0.001). Non-zero decoding accuracies just before cue onset are due to a smoothing artif ...
... Decoding accuracy as a function of LFP band for three representative 400 ms time bins within the cue, attention, and saccade epochs. Thin blue bars on top represent statistically higher than chance decoding ( p ⬍ 0.001). Non-zero decoding accuracies just before cue onset are due to a smoothing artif ...
Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders
... audition, language, episodic memory, executive function, and salience detection [10,11–15,16] among others. Linking RSNs to their putative functions is invariably based on inference, as by definition, the subjects are not performing a task when the RSNs are identified. This inference is relatively ...
... audition, language, episodic memory, executive function, and salience detection [10,11–15,16] among others. Linking RSNs to their putative functions is invariably based on inference, as by definition, the subjects are not performing a task when the RSNs are identified. This inference is relatively ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... role in odor processing. However, the neural basis for the influence of taste (gustation) on odor (olfaction) remains essentially unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that gustatory influence on olfactory processing occurs at the level of primary olfactory cortex. We recorded activity from single ...
... role in odor processing. However, the neural basis for the influence of taste (gustation) on odor (olfaction) remains essentially unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that gustatory influence on olfactory processing occurs at the level of primary olfactory cortex. We recorded activity from single ...
Autistic spectrum disorders: A review of clinical features, theories
... 3.4. Mirror neurons and ASD There is accumulating evidence illustrating the importance of mirror neurons in the neuropathophysiology of ASD (Enticott et al., 2012; Oberman et al., 2005). Mirror neurons are brain cells that become active when an individual performs a given action, but also when that ...
... 3.4. Mirror neurons and ASD There is accumulating evidence illustrating the importance of mirror neurons in the neuropathophysiology of ASD (Enticott et al., 2012; Oberman et al., 2005). Mirror neurons are brain cells that become active when an individual performs a given action, but also when that ...
Did That Brownie Do Its Job? Stress, Eating, and the
... Answering the question of whether comfort food is comforting requires an interdisciplinary approach. Biological and psychological perspectives are necessary, particularly because “comfort” is a difficult term to operationalize; some research has characterized comfort as reduction in biological stres ...
... Answering the question of whether comfort food is comforting requires an interdisciplinary approach. Biological and psychological perspectives are necessary, particularly because “comfort” is a difficult term to operationalize; some research has characterized comfort as reduction in biological stres ...
M1 Corticospinal Mirror Neurons and Their Role in
... Mirror neurons are particularly fascinating in that they are activated not only by one’s own actions but also by the actions of others. Mirror neurons in macaque area F5 were originally shown to respond during both the monkey’s own grasping action and during observation of grasp carried out by a hum ...
... Mirror neurons are particularly fascinating in that they are activated not only by one’s own actions but also by the actions of others. Mirror neurons in macaque area F5 were originally shown to respond during both the monkey’s own grasping action and during observation of grasp carried out by a hum ...
Characteristics of Demagoguery
... Assumption/assertion of ontologically-grounded taxonomies. Perhaps because demagoguery relies on binaries, it assumes that either things (ideas, perceptions, values, illnesses, identities, personalities) are either entirely subjective (that is, def ined by idiosyncratic belief , transient, and essen ...
... Assumption/assertion of ontologically-grounded taxonomies. Perhaps because demagoguery relies on binaries, it assumes that either things (ideas, perceptions, values, illnesses, identities, personalities) are either entirely subjective (that is, def ined by idiosyncratic belief , transient, and essen ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... task, Crammond and Kalaska (1994) presented a visual precue either on the same (congruent) or on the opposite (incongruent) side of a subsequent movement and found PM neurons that showed two successive activations during the delay between the precue and the RS. The first activation was related to th ...
... task, Crammond and Kalaska (1994) presented a visual precue either on the same (congruent) or on the opposite (incongruent) side of a subsequent movement and found PM neurons that showed two successive activations during the delay between the precue and the RS. The first activation was related to th ...
Noradrenergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission May Influence Cortical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
... the lateral olfactory tract (LOT: layer Ia) or the association connections between cortical pyramidal cells (layer Ib), as shown in Fig. 1. Bipolar tungsten stimulating electrodes were guided visually into either the afferent fiber layer (layer Ia) or the association fiber layer (layer Ib) and adjus ...
... the lateral olfactory tract (LOT: layer Ia) or the association connections between cortical pyramidal cells (layer Ib), as shown in Fig. 1. Bipolar tungsten stimulating electrodes were guided visually into either the afferent fiber layer (layer Ia) or the association fiber layer (layer Ib) and adjus ...