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... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
... How does the human brain make sense of the 3D world while its visual input, the retinal images, are only two-dimensional? There are multiple depth-cues exploited by the brain to create a 3D model of the world. Despite the importance of this subject both for scientists and engineers, the underlying c ...
Neurons, Brain Chemistry, and Neurotransmission
... When a neuron is stimulated, an electrical impulse, called an action potential, moves along the neuron axon.5 Action potentials enable signals to travel very rapidly along the neuron fiber. Action potentials last less than 2 milliseconds (1 millisecond = 0.001 second), and the fastest action potenti ...
... When a neuron is stimulated, an electrical impulse, called an action potential, moves along the neuron axon.5 Action potentials enable signals to travel very rapidly along the neuron fiber. Action potentials last less than 2 milliseconds (1 millisecond = 0.001 second), and the fastest action potenti ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... verb. For example, ‘snow’ and ‘lie’ (Sem N) are semantically associated [Snow lies (on the ground)], whereas ‘snow’ and ‘escape’ (Sem A) have little association (Table 1). This distinction was sufficiently clear in Japanese, which was confirmed by high accuracy in the Sem task (Sem N, 95.5%; Sem A, ...
... verb. For example, ‘snow’ and ‘lie’ (Sem N) are semantically associated [Snow lies (on the ground)], whereas ‘snow’ and ‘escape’ (Sem A) have little association (Table 1). This distinction was sufficiently clear in Japanese, which was confirmed by high accuracy in the Sem task (Sem N, 95.5%; Sem A, ...
Encoding and decoding in fMRI
... abstract relationship between stimuli and responses. In Kay et al. the features were phase-invariant Gabor wavelets. However, in most fMRI studies the features consist of labels that reflect different levels of the independent variable (e.g. faces versus houses, different locations of attention, etc. ...
... abstract relationship between stimuli and responses. In Kay et al. the features were phase-invariant Gabor wavelets. However, in most fMRI studies the features consist of labels that reflect different levels of the independent variable (e.g. faces versus houses, different locations of attention, etc. ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... Stereotaxic surgery. Mice were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture (⬃100/10 mg per kg, i.p.) and received two bundles of electrode implantation, one into the CA1 and the other into the ACC, both in the right hemisphere. The coordinates for the ACC were anteroposterior (AP) 0.8 mm anterior ...
... Stereotaxic surgery. Mice were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture (⬃100/10 mg per kg, i.p.) and received two bundles of electrode implantation, one into the CA1 and the other into the ACC, both in the right hemisphere. The coordinates for the ACC were anteroposterior (AP) 0.8 mm anterior ...
Brief biography of B.F. Skinner Early Life B. F. Skinner was born on
... Skinner's first teaching machine simply presented problems in random order for students to do, with feedback after each one. But this machine did not teach new behavior. All it did was give more practice on skills already learned. Within three years, however, Skinner developed programmed instructio ...
... Skinner's first teaching machine simply presented problems in random order for students to do, with feedback after each one. But this machine did not teach new behavior. All it did was give more practice on skills already learned. Within three years, however, Skinner developed programmed instructio ...
Lycan Levels
... or structurally, and how this is done is relative to the level of nature that is being focused on. For instance, at level 5 in the figure, entity C1 has some particular function: function F(C1 ), and C1 ’s structure is made up of the entities that it is composed of: D1 , D2 , and D3 , which are foun ...
... or structurally, and how this is done is relative to the level of nature that is being focused on. For instance, at level 5 in the figure, entity C1 has some particular function: function F(C1 ), and C1 ’s structure is made up of the entities that it is composed of: D1 , D2 , and D3 , which are foun ...
“left or right” Decision-making beyond
... activity recorded in monkeys has been remarkably consistent with neuroimaging studies in humans, despite the differences in techniques (invasive and non-invasive). In both species sensory evidence is accumulated in lower-level sensory regions and compared further downstream in higher-level brain are ...
... activity recorded in monkeys has been remarkably consistent with neuroimaging studies in humans, despite the differences in techniques (invasive and non-invasive). In both species sensory evidence is accumulated in lower-level sensory regions and compared further downstream in higher-level brain are ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... corte x . Slices of rat somatosensory cortex were placed in the recording chamber under an upright microscope (Axioskop C arl Z eiss Göttingen, Germany) fitted with 2.5⫻ plan /0.075 NA and 40⫻-W/0.80 objectives) with the pial surface pointing to the front and the hippocampus to the right. The barre ...
... corte x . Slices of rat somatosensory cortex were placed in the recording chamber under an upright microscope (Axioskop C arl Z eiss Göttingen, Germany) fitted with 2.5⫻ plan /0.075 NA and 40⫻-W/0.80 objectives) with the pial surface pointing to the front and the hippocampus to the right. The barre ...
Title Goes here
... Boutons that are immunoreactive for glutamate include a high concentration of Zn2+ boutons ...
... Boutons that are immunoreactive for glutamate include a high concentration of Zn2+ boutons ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... ter of serotonergic neurons, whereas the DRDSh consists of scattered serotonergic neurons in the surrounding regions (Abrams et al., 2005; Lowry et al., 2008). The rat DR has, however, been indicated to contain a substantial number of nonserotonergic neurons (Descarries et al., 1982). Numerous studi ...
... ter of serotonergic neurons, whereas the DRDSh consists of scattered serotonergic neurons in the surrounding regions (Abrams et al., 2005; Lowry et al., 2008). The rat DR has, however, been indicated to contain a substantial number of nonserotonergic neurons (Descarries et al., 1982). Numerous studi ...
New insights into the anatomo-functional connectivity of the
... Connectivity of the semantic system we used the DO 80, which consists of 80 black and white pictures selected according to variables such as frequency, familiarity, age of acquisition and level of education (Metz-Lutz et al., 1991). The patient was never informed when the brain was stimulated. The ...
... Connectivity of the semantic system we used the DO 80, which consists of 80 black and white pictures selected according to variables such as frequency, familiarity, age of acquisition and level of education (Metz-Lutz et al., 1991). The patient was never informed when the brain was stimulated. The ...
The Retrotrapezoid Nucleus and Central Chemoreception
... The functional role of retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons as the central chemoreceptors and the potential implications of Phox2b expressed in these neurons will be discussed. RTN resides at the ventral medullary surface. RTN lesions reduce central respiratory chemoreception (CRC). RTN neurons are ...
... The functional role of retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons as the central chemoreceptors and the potential implications of Phox2b expressed in these neurons will be discussed. RTN resides at the ventral medullary surface. RTN lesions reduce central respiratory chemoreception (CRC). RTN neurons are ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
... Wild-Polyvar microscope (Leica, Bensheim, Germany). For this study, 28 specimens were evaluated. Each consisted of 1–20 marked neurons; thus, more than 200 neurons were stained and analyzed. According to their branching patterns, the feedback neurons could be classified into different classes. Howev ...
Neurons of the Central Complex of the Locust Schistocerca gregaria
... 1C), one neuron (8%) was tonically excited (Fig. 2 B), and four neurons (31%) showed no clear response. Frontal or lateral light flashes were less effective than dorsal stimulation (Fig. 2 B). Polarized light presented dorsally elicited tonic excitations, tonic inhibitions, or no change in spiking a ...
... 1C), one neuron (8%) was tonically excited (Fig. 2 B), and four neurons (31%) showed no clear response. Frontal or lateral light flashes were less effective than dorsal stimulation (Fig. 2 B). Polarized light presented dorsally elicited tonic excitations, tonic inhibitions, or no change in spiking a ...
Receptores Monoaminérgicos en Corteza Prefrontal: Mecanismo de Acción de Fármacos Antipsicóticos
... ability to evoke positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive deficits similar to those of the illness. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) abnormalities. These deficits are of particular interest since an early improvement in cognitive performance ...
... ability to evoke positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive deficits similar to those of the illness. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) abnormalities. These deficits are of particular interest since an early improvement in cognitive performance ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... Structurally, the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains the spinal and cranial nerves leading into and out of the CNS. There are 12 cranial nerves. All other nerves in t ...
... Structurally, the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains the spinal and cranial nerves leading into and out of the CNS. There are 12 cranial nerves. All other nerves in t ...
The Hans India: How Happy is Happiness
... happiness among their employees. It could be for profitability or for employee engagement, but the bottomline is that benefits, recognition, motivation, new roles to training new skills, rewards and appreciation are all directed towards this end,” says Revathi, who is also the CEO of India’s first f ...
... happiness among their employees. It could be for profitability or for employee engagement, but the bottomline is that benefits, recognition, motivation, new roles to training new skills, rewards and appreciation are all directed towards this end,” says Revathi, who is also the CEO of India’s first f ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint Slided PDF - CM
... of an action potential from one region of brain to another (Figure 12.8): 1. Action potential originates in gray matter 2. Action potential is sent to another area of gray matter by ...
... of an action potential from one region of brain to another (Figure 12.8): 1. Action potential originates in gray matter 2. Action potential is sent to another area of gray matter by ...
computational modeling of observational learning - FORTH-ICS
... Observational learning is the ability to learn and acquire new motor knowledge only by observation. Otherwise referred to as mental practice, or mental imagery, observational learning is formally defined as the symbolic rehearsal of a physical activity in the absence of a ...
... Observational learning is the ability to learn and acquire new motor knowledge only by observation. Otherwise referred to as mental practice, or mental imagery, observational learning is formally defined as the symbolic rehearsal of a physical activity in the absence of a ...
Chapter 02 Neuroscience and Behavior
... Learning Objective: Describe how nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells. Learning Outcome: 5-2 Topic: Speed of Transmission ...
... Learning Objective: Describe how nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells. Learning Outcome: 5-2 Topic: Speed of Transmission ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... Structurally, the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains the spinal and cranial nerves leading into and out of the CNS. There are 12 cranial nerves. All other nerves in t ...
... Structurally, the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS contains the spinal and cranial nerves leading into and out of the CNS. There are 12 cranial nerves. All other nerves in t ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... 0.3906, p2 ⫽ 0.19), indicating that animals maintained motivation to reach and did not become satiated (Fig. 3A). The lack of any significant difference between reaching in prestimulation, during stimulation, and poststimulation periods (F(2,18) ⫽ 2.115, p ⫽ 0.1496, p2 ⫽ 0.19; Fig. 3B) confirmed t ...
... 0.3906, p2 ⫽ 0.19), indicating that animals maintained motivation to reach and did not become satiated (Fig. 3A). The lack of any significant difference between reaching in prestimulation, during stimulation, and poststimulation periods (F(2,18) ⫽ 2.115, p ⫽ 0.1496, p2 ⫽ 0.19; Fig. 3B) confirmed t ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... neurons, discussed here for comparison, included a total of 70 sections from the V1 of 53 ferrets, and 67 sections from AI of 55 ferrets (Gao et al., 1999). Immunocytochemistry was used to examine the emergence, distribution, and morphology of PV- and CB-ir neurons in V1 and AI of ferrets. The neuro ...
... neurons, discussed here for comparison, included a total of 70 sections from the V1 of 53 ferrets, and 67 sections from AI of 55 ferrets (Gao et al., 1999). Immunocytochemistry was used to examine the emergence, distribution, and morphology of PV- and CB-ir neurons in V1 and AI of ferrets. The neuro ...
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... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...