Gymnotiform JAR and communication
... reductions are smaller. Moreover, in both genera, nE↑ projects to the PPnG (although in Apteronotus, it also innervates the PPnC; see below and Fig. 2) and the nE↓ projects to the SPPn. Therefore, extrapolating from what we have learned in its sister species Eigenmannia, the nE↑/PPnG pathway in Apte ...
... reductions are smaller. Moreover, in both genera, nE↑ projects to the PPnG (although in Apteronotus, it also innervates the PPnC; see below and Fig. 2) and the nE↓ projects to the SPPn. Therefore, extrapolating from what we have learned in its sister species Eigenmannia, the nE↑/PPnG pathway in Apte ...
PDF
... local circuits (Markram et al., 2004; Miyoshi et al., 2007; Miyoshi and Fishell, 2011). Although this review is focused on the layered horizontal organization of the neocortex, it should be noted that the neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct a ...
... local circuits (Markram et al., 2004; Miyoshi et al., 2007; Miyoshi and Fishell, 2011). Although this review is focused on the layered horizontal organization of the neocortex, it should be noted that the neocortex is also tangentially organized into cytoarchitectonically and functionally distinct a ...
Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of - e
... Implications of fear regulation by orexins for the treatment of anxiety disorders As mentioned above, impaired fear processing is a key feature of a range of anxiety disorders. These pathological conditions, especially phobias, panic disorder and PTSD, are characterized by failure to extinguish fea ...
... Implications of fear regulation by orexins for the treatment of anxiety disorders As mentioned above, impaired fear processing is a key feature of a range of anxiety disorders. These pathological conditions, especially phobias, panic disorder and PTSD, are characterized by failure to extinguish fea ...
Sample
... 48. __________ is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use. a) Reception Incorrect. Reception occurs when neurotransmitters fill in tiny sites on the post-synaptic neuron’s surface. ...
... 48. __________ is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use. a) Reception Incorrect. Reception occurs when neurotransmitters fill in tiny sites on the post-synaptic neuron’s surface. ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... mice with Disc1 SNPs. Our group described previously two mutant Disc1 mice, each with a different SNP: Q31L (127A/T) and L100P (334T/C) (Clapcote et al., 2007). Both mutants have reduced brain volume, deficits in spatial working memory, and decreased prepulse inhibition. In addition, the Q31L mutant ...
... mice with Disc1 SNPs. Our group described previously two mutant Disc1 mice, each with a different SNP: Q31L (127A/T) and L100P (334T/C) (Clapcote et al., 2007). Both mutants have reduced brain volume, deficits in spatial working memory, and decreased prepulse inhibition. In addition, the Q31L mutant ...
Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
... Acute and chronic effects of cannabinoids on human brain: gene-environment interactions related to psychiatric disorders Albert Batalla Cases ...
Fear Models in Animals and Humans
... Although Pavlovian fear conditioning is a powerful model for understanding fear across species, it requires direct experience with an aversive event. In humans, many of our fears are learned through social means without direct aversive experience. For instance, a common phobia is fear of germs. Alth ...
... Although Pavlovian fear conditioning is a powerful model for understanding fear across species, it requires direct experience with an aversive event. In humans, many of our fears are learned through social means without direct aversive experience. For instance, a common phobia is fear of germs. Alth ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... (EEG) • A subset of evoked potentials are event-related potentials (ERPs), which are time-locked evoked potentials, meaning that the EEG in response to an event is always measured during a specific interval of time • For example: an ERP of P300 (positive amplitude at 300 miliseconds) always occurs w ...
... (EEG) • A subset of evoked potentials are event-related potentials (ERPs), which are time-locked evoked potentials, meaning that the EEG in response to an event is always measured during a specific interval of time • For example: an ERP of P300 (positive amplitude at 300 miliseconds) always occurs w ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
Neurotoxic Lesions of Basolateral, But Not Central, Amygdala
... serve as a reinforcer in new learning (Mackintosh, 1983). In Experiment 1A, we evaluated a CS’s acquired reinforcement value with a Pavlovian second-order conditioning procedure (Holland and Rescorla, 1975). In this procedure, rats first received light–food pairings intended to endow the light with ...
... serve as a reinforcer in new learning (Mackintosh, 1983). In Experiment 1A, we evaluated a CS’s acquired reinforcement value with a Pavlovian second-order conditioning procedure (Holland and Rescorla, 1975). In this procedure, rats first received light–food pairings intended to endow the light with ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... studies to visualize neuronal perikarya not visible in untreated animals. In addition, the ChAT antisera used precipitate all of the ChAT activity in rat brain, making it unlikely that an additional molecular form of the enzyme exists which has not been recognized. Furthermore, our double-labeling p ...
... studies to visualize neuronal perikarya not visible in untreated animals. In addition, the ChAT antisera used precipitate all of the ChAT activity in rat brain, making it unlikely that an additional molecular form of the enzyme exists which has not been recognized. Furthermore, our double-labeling p ...
Probabilistic Anatomic Mapping of Cerebral Blood Flow Distribution
... represented the fractional supply from the MCA according to the tissue demand as well as the territorial variability. This perfusion probability map of the MCA represents the cerebral blood flow rate rather than the extent of the MCA vascular territory. Among various cerebral structures, the subcort ...
... represented the fractional supply from the MCA according to the tissue demand as well as the territorial variability. This perfusion probability map of the MCA represents the cerebral blood flow rate rather than the extent of the MCA vascular territory. Among various cerebral structures, the subcort ...
Prefrontal Phase Locking to Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
... theta rhythm. Note that in these examples the hippocampal unit was maximally phase locked to the future of the LFP signal (i.e., at τ = −45.89 < 0), while the prefrontal unit was maximally phase locked to the past of the LFP signal (i.e., at τ = 78.40 > 0). (C and D) Pseudocolor panels show analysis ...
... theta rhythm. Note that in these examples the hippocampal unit was maximally phase locked to the future of the LFP signal (i.e., at τ = −45.89 < 0), while the prefrontal unit was maximally phase locked to the past of the LFP signal (i.e., at τ = 78.40 > 0). (C and D) Pseudocolor panels show analysis ...
Unit 6 Notes - Reading Community Schools
... – Conditioned Taste Aversion: rats were exposed to a particular taste, sight, or sound, and then exposed to material that would make them sick. The rats would then become averse to the taste, but not the sight or sound. – When the rats were sickened significantly later, they would still become taste ...
... – Conditioned Taste Aversion: rats were exposed to a particular taste, sight, or sound, and then exposed to material that would make them sick. The rats would then become averse to the taste, but not the sight or sound. – When the rats were sickened significantly later, they would still become taste ...
TINNITUS WHAT DO WE KNOW AND WHAT DO WE NOT KNOW
... Many parts of the brain are involved in common tasks • Several parts of the brain are involved in most tasks • Some parts of the brain can do more than one task • Many parts of the brain interact with each other • The mind can control many functions such as how muscles contract ...
... Many parts of the brain are involved in common tasks • Several parts of the brain are involved in most tasks • Some parts of the brain can do more than one task • Many parts of the brain interact with each other • The mind can control many functions such as how muscles contract ...
Cell Type-Specific, Presynaptic LTP of Inhibitory Synapses on Fast
... the following composition (in mM): 124 NaCl, 3.0 KCl, 2.0 CaCl2, 1.0 MgCl2, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 26.0 NaHCO3, and 10.0 glucose (pH 7.4). The ACSF was bubbled continuously with 95% O2/5% CO2. The flow rate of the ACSF was about 2.5 ml/min. Whole-cell recordings from GABAergic interneurons. Whole-cell record ...
... the following composition (in mM): 124 NaCl, 3.0 KCl, 2.0 CaCl2, 1.0 MgCl2, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 26.0 NaHCO3, and 10.0 glucose (pH 7.4). The ACSF was bubbled continuously with 95% O2/5% CO2. The flow rate of the ACSF was about 2.5 ml/min. Whole-cell recordings from GABAergic interneurons. Whole-cell record ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 primary antibody (1:500; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA). Specificity was confirmed with nonincubation with caspase-3 blocking pe ...
... (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 primary antibody (1:500; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA). Specificity was confirmed with nonincubation with caspase-3 blocking pe ...
Frontal Eye Field Neurons Reflect Covert, Serial Shifts of Attention
... A similar pattern was observed across all of the recording sessions. Both animals showed a tendency to start searching from a preferred target location: Monkey S responded quickest to the bottom-right (8/10 recording sessions, p = 3.0 * 10-5, binomial distribution), while monkey W tended to begin fr ...
... A similar pattern was observed across all of the recording sessions. Both animals showed a tendency to start searching from a preferred target location: Monkey S responded quickest to the bottom-right (8/10 recording sessions, p = 3.0 * 10-5, binomial distribution), while monkey W tended to begin fr ...
Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction
... into postsynaptic sites. This was further confirmed by double- and triple-immunofluorescence (IF) staining for Venus (with use of anti-GFP antibody), Bassoon (presynaptic marker; Fig. 1D), and drebrin (postsynaptic marker; Fig. 1E). Three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal images of individual spi ...
... into postsynaptic sites. This was further confirmed by double- and triple-immunofluorescence (IF) staining for Venus (with use of anti-GFP antibody), Bassoon (presynaptic marker; Fig. 1D), and drebrin (postsynaptic marker; Fig. 1E). Three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal images of individual spi ...
Nervous System Module - Year 2 Semester 1 Number of Credit – 8
... 2. List the errors of refraction, describe how they occur and explain the basis of correcting each of them. 3.Explain the term accommodation as applied to the eye. 4. Explain the basis of the accommodation-convergence reflex and pupillary light reflex. 5. Explain the principles underlying visual acu ...
... 2. List the errors of refraction, describe how they occur and explain the basis of correcting each of them. 3.Explain the term accommodation as applied to the eye. 4. Explain the basis of the accommodation-convergence reflex and pupillary light reflex. 5. Explain the principles underlying visual acu ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) of Palmer et al. (1978). The existence of extensive interconnection ...
... hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) of Palmer et al. (1978). The existence of extensive interconnection ...
Effects of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonist MCPG
... that there are multiple forms of LTD in CA1 (Oliet et al., 1997). In any case, the data are clear that MC PG treatment does not reliably block NMDA receptor-dependent LTD and LTP in CA1. These results seemed to exclude the hypothesis that activation of MC PG-sensitive mGluRs is a requirement for ind ...
... that there are multiple forms of LTD in CA1 (Oliet et al., 1997). In any case, the data are clear that MC PG treatment does not reliably block NMDA receptor-dependent LTD and LTP in CA1. These results seemed to exclude the hypothesis that activation of MC PG-sensitive mGluRs is a requirement for ind ...