A comparison of response-contingent and noncontingent pairing in
... will often result in an increase in that behavior, yet money itself cannot directly satisfy any biological need. Rather, it has gained reinforcing value because of its ability to access primary reinforcers as well as most other conditioned reinforcers. While money as a conditioned reinforcer is near ...
... will often result in an increase in that behavior, yet money itself cannot directly satisfy any biological need. Rather, it has gained reinforcing value because of its ability to access primary reinforcers as well as most other conditioned reinforcers. While money as a conditioned reinforcer is near ...
Imaging development and plasticity in the mouse visual system
... and reactions. But in order to accomplish more complex behaviours and flexible reactions to environmental challenges, external cues and experiences should take their part in setting up and shaping a precisely connected nervous system. Thus, particularly in higher-order organisms, experience and lear ...
... and reactions. But in order to accomplish more complex behaviours and flexible reactions to environmental challenges, external cues and experiences should take their part in setting up and shaping a precisely connected nervous system. Thus, particularly in higher-order organisms, experience and lear ...
Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical
... are neuroanatomical connections between temporal auditory cortex and the frontal lobe. It has been suggested that more rostral auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, which projects to the orbitofrontal cortex, is primarily engaged in processing phonetic (vocal) information (Romanski et al., 1999; Cav ...
... are neuroanatomical connections between temporal auditory cortex and the frontal lobe. It has been suggested that more rostral auditory cortex in the temporal lobe, which projects to the orbitofrontal cortex, is primarily engaged in processing phonetic (vocal) information (Romanski et al., 1999; Cav ...
Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... cerebral spinal fluid containing nominally zero magnesium. The neocortical slices (400-mm thick) were harvested from Sprague-Dawley rats (P21–28). Optical imaging was made by using a high speed photodiode array. Spontaneous epileptiform activity emerged 20 – 40 min after the preparation was perfused ...
... cerebral spinal fluid containing nominally zero magnesium. The neocortical slices (400-mm thick) were harvested from Sprague-Dawley rats (P21–28). Optical imaging was made by using a high speed photodiode array. Spontaneous epileptiform activity emerged 20 – 40 min after the preparation was perfused ...
Review Early Steps in the Development of the Forebrain
... this region of our CNS that confers many uniquely human attributes. Despite this, the general organization of the forebrain is conserved in all vertebrates. What makes the brain of each species unique is not the initial presence or absence of different subdomains of the CNS; rather, it is the extent ...
... this region of our CNS that confers many uniquely human attributes. Despite this, the general organization of the forebrain is conserved in all vertebrates. What makes the brain of each species unique is not the initial presence or absence of different subdomains of the CNS; rather, it is the extent ...
Program
and
Abstracts
from
the
Fifth
Annual
Canadian
Neuroscience
Meeting
May
29
–
June
1
2011
Quebec
City
Convention
Center
... these genes in the apteronotid telencephalon. Results: There were, in the case of all three genes, good similarities between the apteronotid and human amino acid sequences: FoxP2 ‐ 78%, Otx1 ‐ 54%, FoxO3 ‐ 71%. The functional domains of these genes was conserved to a far greater extent suggesting ...
... these genes in the apteronotid telencephalon. Results: There were, in the case of all three genes, good similarities between the apteronotid and human amino acid sequences: FoxP2 ‐ 78%, Otx1 ‐ 54%, FoxO3 ‐ 71%. The functional domains of these genes was conserved to a far greater extent suggesting ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... i.m.) or isoflurane. When Telazol was used, a complementary analgesic (Torbugesic, 0.1– 0.4 mg/kg, i.m.) was given to reduce the amount of anesthetic. When anesthetized, each animal received atropine (0.05 mg/kg, i.m.), an antibiotic (Rocephin, 75 mg/kg, i.m.), dexamethasone, and IV fluids (10 –20 c ...
... i.m.) or isoflurane. When Telazol was used, a complementary analgesic (Torbugesic, 0.1– 0.4 mg/kg, i.m.) was given to reduce the amount of anesthetic. When anesthetized, each animal received atropine (0.05 mg/kg, i.m.), an antibiotic (Rocephin, 75 mg/kg, i.m.), dexamethasone, and IV fluids (10 –20 c ...
Article
... compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since inte ...
... compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of interconnected interneurons that generate motor patterns underlying rhythmic behaviors. Since inte ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in which 5-HT has an elevated effect on auditory processing, extracellular 5-HT must be measured directly within the auditory system. Concentrations of extracellular 5-HT in the brain are not only region-specif ...
... variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in which 5-HT has an elevated effect on auditory processing, extracellular 5-HT must be measured directly within the auditory system. Concentrations of extracellular 5-HT in the brain are not only region-specif ...
Folie 1
... → „ …eliminative connectionism cannot work(…): eliminativist models (unlike humans) provably cannot generalize abstractions to novel items that contain features that did not appear in the training set.” ...
... → „ …eliminative connectionism cannot work(…): eliminativist models (unlike humans) provably cannot generalize abstractions to novel items that contain features that did not appear in the training set.” ...
Structure of Receptive Fields in Area 3b of Primary Somatosensory
... the plane of the central sulcus so that three to four electrodes could be positioned in a line across the laminae of area 3b (DiC arlo et al., 1996). The localization of recordings to area 3b was accomplished in two ways: initially, during the experiments, by physiological evidence and later, after ...
... the plane of the central sulcus so that three to four electrodes could be positioned in a line across the laminae of area 3b (DiC arlo et al., 1996). The localization of recordings to area 3b was accomplished in two ways: initially, during the experiments, by physiological evidence and later, after ...
GABA-Based Evaluation of Neurologic Conditions: MR Spectroscopy
... spectrum) rather than just from its skyline (conventional 1D spectrum). The color bar denotes signal intensity. B, 2D spectrum of GABA shows the characteristic set of 3 vertical rows compatible with its spectroscopic structure of 2 triplets and 1 multiplet. A large central peak of GABA triplet (␣-Ca ...
... spectrum) rather than just from its skyline (conventional 1D spectrum). The color bar denotes signal intensity. B, 2D spectrum of GABA shows the characteristic set of 3 vertical rows compatible with its spectroscopic structure of 2 triplets and 1 multiplet. A large central peak of GABA triplet (␣-Ca ...
Bischoff_Thesis_notes
... cerebellum may be specialized in using sensory information and acquiring in motor skills basal ganglia may be more involved in movements which are either internally generated or guided by external cues as well as the learning of sequential movements ...
... cerebellum may be specialized in using sensory information and acquiring in motor skills basal ganglia may be more involved in movements which are either internally generated or guided by external cues as well as the learning of sequential movements ...
Sample
... Objective: 2.4 Contrast excitatory and inhibitory effects of neurotransmitters and how they affect behaviour. 34) How can synaptic vesicles continue to pour out their neurotransmitters, and yet still have a ready supply of neurotransmitters to respond to continuing stimulation? a. Through the proces ...
... Objective: 2.4 Contrast excitatory and inhibitory effects of neurotransmitters and how they affect behaviour. 34) How can synaptic vesicles continue to pour out their neurotransmitters, and yet still have a ready supply of neurotransmitters to respond to continuing stimulation? a. Through the proces ...
The Big Picture File
... translates info about the internal and external environment into a form of information that is usable by the brain • Effectors: means by which the body responds to changing internal and external conditions ...
... translates info about the internal and external environment into a form of information that is usable by the brain • Effectors: means by which the body responds to changing internal and external conditions ...
A COMPARISON OF RESPONSE
... will often result in an increase in that behavior, yet money itself cannot directly satisfy any biological need. Rather, it has gained reinforcing value because of its ability to access primary reinforcers as well as most other conditioned reinforcers. While money as a conditioned reinforcer is near ...
... will often result in an increase in that behavior, yet money itself cannot directly satisfy any biological need. Rather, it has gained reinforcing value because of its ability to access primary reinforcers as well as most other conditioned reinforcers. While money as a conditioned reinforcer is near ...
Learning - cloudfront.net
... to Unit VII for more information about the role of memory and other cognitive concepts in learning. ...
... to Unit VII for more information about the role of memory and other cognitive concepts in learning. ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... A stimulation of the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) in the medulla oblongata often increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR). We investigated if the cardioinhibitory/depressor areas, including the nucleus ambiguus (NA), the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (D ...
... A stimulation of the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) in the medulla oblongata often increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR). We investigated if the cardioinhibitory/depressor areas, including the nucleus ambiguus (NA), the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (D ...
Measurement of Corpus Callosum in Sudanese Population Using MRI
... subcortical regions of the right and left hemispheres and plays an essential role in the integration of information between the two hemispheres (Gupta ,et al 2008).Position and size of the corpus callosum is well appreciated in median sections. The anterior end is called “the genu", the median regio ...
... subcortical regions of the right and left hemispheres and plays an essential role in the integration of information between the two hemispheres (Gupta ,et al 2008).Position and size of the corpus callosum is well appreciated in median sections. The anterior end is called “the genu", the median regio ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... negative events by suppressing firing rate is limited. This limitation of the dopaminergic signal suggests two possibilities. The first is that activity in the basal ganglia encodes both positive and negative values. The second is that activity in the basal ganglia encodes only positive values and n ...
... negative events by suppressing firing rate is limited. This limitation of the dopaminergic signal suggests two possibilities. The first is that activity in the basal ganglia encodes both positive and negative values. The second is that activity in the basal ganglia encodes only positive values and n ...
Olfaction
... Patterns of activation in the rat olfactory bulb. Red, orange, and yellow indicate high activation. (a) Top: two forms of carvone. These molecules have the same chemical formula, but the molecular group at the bottom is rotated to a different position. Bottom: activation patterns. The black arrows i ...
... Patterns of activation in the rat olfactory bulb. Red, orange, and yellow indicate high activation. (a) Top: two forms of carvone. These molecules have the same chemical formula, but the molecular group at the bottom is rotated to a different position. Bottom: activation patterns. The black arrows i ...
Personality and Conditioning
... ment included both cues for passive avoidance (punishment for responding) and cues for omission or extinction (nonreward for responding). Thus, in contrast to Newman, Gray would predict an extravert deficit at inhibiting responses to cues for punishment even on a task that does not involve reward fo ...
... ment included both cues for passive avoidance (punishment for responding) and cues for omission or extinction (nonreward for responding). Thus, in contrast to Newman, Gray would predict an extravert deficit at inhibiting responses to cues for punishment even on a task that does not involve reward fo ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... population. The substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), which extends from diencephalic to mesencephalic territories, provides the largest dopaminergic input to the brain. The SN/VTA contains subpopulations of dopaminergic neurons that project preferentially through different pathways, pro ...
... population. The substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), which extends from diencephalic to mesencephalic territories, provides the largest dopaminergic input to the brain. The SN/VTA contains subpopulations of dopaminergic neurons that project preferentially through different pathways, pro ...
Contrasting early visual cortical activation states causally involved in
... At the neural level, there is evidence that working memory is mediated by the same neural mechanisms that process the sensory information being retrieved [see the ‘sensory recruitment’ model of working memory (Awh & Jonides, 2001; D’Esposito, 2007; Serences et al., 2009)]. In a very recent functiona ...
... At the neural level, there is evidence that working memory is mediated by the same neural mechanisms that process the sensory information being retrieved [see the ‘sensory recruitment’ model of working memory (Awh & Jonides, 2001; D’Esposito, 2007; Serences et al., 2009)]. In a very recent functiona ...