Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines
... to this, direct induction of neuroinflammation causes >98% of the kynurenine available for metabolism in the brain to be derived from local production (Kita et al., 2002). The current review will evaluate this interplay between proinflammatory mediators and mechanisms by which they regulate the KP. ...
... to this, direct induction of neuroinflammation causes >98% of the kynurenine available for metabolism in the brain to be derived from local production (Kita et al., 2002). The current review will evaluate this interplay between proinflammatory mediators and mechanisms by which they regulate the KP. ...
The industrial melanism mutation in British peppered moths is a
... moth (Biston betularia): the replacement, during the Industrial Revolution, of the common pale typica form by a previously unknown black (carbonaria) form, driven by the interaction between bird predation and coal pollution1. The carbonaria locus has been coarsely localized to a 200-kilobase region, ...
... moth (Biston betularia): the replacement, during the Industrial Revolution, of the common pale typica form by a previously unknown black (carbonaria) form, driven by the interaction between bird predation and coal pollution1. The carbonaria locus has been coarsely localized to a 200-kilobase region, ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... depolarization of cells at the electrode. Both treatments induced strong spreading depolarization in the same higher brain regions and weaker events in lower brain gray matter. We also tested the drugs dibucaine and carbetapentane, which potently delay AD onset induced by OGD. One µM dibucaine pretr ...
... depolarization of cells at the electrode. Both treatments induced strong spreading depolarization in the same higher brain regions and weaker events in lower brain gray matter. We also tested the drugs dibucaine and carbetapentane, which potently delay AD onset induced by OGD. One µM dibucaine pretr ...
Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... finding weak periodicity (Dowse and Ringo, 1987; Dushay et al., 1990). ...
... finding weak periodicity (Dowse and Ringo, 1987; Dushay et al., 1990). ...
Conditioned Response Evoked by Nicotine Conditioned Stimulus
... follows many of the postulates of Pavlovian conditioning and could possibly simulate learning processes in human smokers (Murray and Bevins, 2011; Murray et al, 2009). Previous studies with this model have focused on the behavioral or neuropharmacological mechanisms involving the nicotine CS. Howeve ...
... follows many of the postulates of Pavlovian conditioning and could possibly simulate learning processes in human smokers (Murray and Bevins, 2011; Murray et al, 2009). Previous studies with this model have focused on the behavioral or neuropharmacological mechanisms involving the nicotine CS. Howeve ...
Role of High-Affinity Receptors and Membrane Transporters in
... structure for chemical information processing is concerned, since the work of Ramon-y-Cajal (1893) and Sherrington (1906), much of our current knowledge comes from studies based on junctional architecture (cf. Tansey, 1998). The idea that the transmitter is released in quanta on the arrival of the a ...
... structure for chemical information processing is concerned, since the work of Ramon-y-Cajal (1893) and Sherrington (1906), much of our current knowledge comes from studies based on junctional architecture (cf. Tansey, 1998). The idea that the transmitter is released in quanta on the arrival of the a ...
Somatosensory cortex functional connectivity
... ASD, as least while performing this paradigm, and perhaps during other paradigms as well. If reduced local functional connectivity in a region driven by a functionally appropriate task is indeed characteristic of ASD, as we speculated, it would suggest that we should be able to observe reduced local ...
... ASD, as least while performing this paradigm, and perhaps during other paradigms as well. If reduced local functional connectivity in a region driven by a functionally appropriate task is indeed characteristic of ASD, as we speculated, it would suggest that we should be able to observe reduced local ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral
... 55.8 ± 7.9% damage to VTA in Groups Contra, Ipsi and Uni, respectively. Sparing of medial CeA neurons was mostly in the anterior regions and sparing of VTA adjoined SNc. There were six and eight animals with acceptable lesions to both CeA and VTA for ipsilateral and contralateral lesions of CeA and ...
... 55.8 ± 7.9% damage to VTA in Groups Contra, Ipsi and Uni, respectively. Sparing of medial CeA neurons was mostly in the anterior regions and sparing of VTA adjoined SNc. There were six and eight animals with acceptable lesions to both CeA and VTA for ipsilateral and contralateral lesions of CeA and ...
One Computer Scientist`s (Deep) Superior Colliculus
... by testing them in real, controlled, and highly observable sensorimotor settings. Another possible contribution is an algorithmic, information processing view on biological neural physiology and phenomenology. Such a view may provide interpretation, inspire research questions, and help form theories ...
... by testing them in real, controlled, and highly observable sensorimotor settings. Another possible contribution is an algorithmic, information processing view on biological neural physiology and phenomenology. Such a view may provide interpretation, inspire research questions, and help form theories ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
... the process that mediates sustained effort, is partially modulated by DA in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)(16) . Now, it is known that methylphenidate not only inhibits the dopamine transporter but also the norepinephrine transporter, and that amphetamines affect all three monoamines, including seroton ...
Convergence in Mammalian Nucleus of Solitary Tract During
... Taste neurons with lingual receptive fields were identified by responses to chemical stimuli flowed over the tongue. Cells that also responded to tactile stimulation of the tongue with a glass rod were not studied. Because NST gustatory cells usually have low or no spontaneous activity, we searched ...
... Taste neurons with lingual receptive fields were identified by responses to chemical stimuli flowed over the tongue. Cells that also responded to tactile stimulation of the tongue with a glass rod were not studied. Because NST gustatory cells usually have low or no spontaneous activity, we searched ...
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING Multiple
... 50. Operant conditioning is a type of conditioning that is dependent on A) intelligent comprehension of the situation. B) feedback resulting from one’s actions. C) innate and unlearned reflexes. D) the ability to imitate social models. Answer: B ...
... 50. Operant conditioning is a type of conditioning that is dependent on A) intelligent comprehension of the situation. B) feedback resulting from one’s actions. C) innate and unlearned reflexes. D) the ability to imitate social models. Answer: B ...
Chapter 6
... opportunity to perform next response • Develops a sequence of behaviors • Usually begin with final response in sequence and work back toward first response ...
... opportunity to perform next response • Develops a sequence of behaviors • Usually begin with final response in sequence and work back toward first response ...
Dynamics of spontaneous activity in the cerebral cortex across brain states
... aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentati ...
... aims is not authorized nor its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service or to the UB Digital Repository is not authorized (framing). Those rights affect to the presentati ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
A Critical Period of Sleep for Development of Courtship Circuitry and
... results demonstrate that sleep promotes normal brain development that gives rise to an adult behavior critical for species propagation and suggest that rapidly growing regions of the brain are most susceptible to sleep perturbations early in life. he ontogenetic hypothesis of sleep, proposed nearly ...
... results demonstrate that sleep promotes normal brain development that gives rise to an adult behavior critical for species propagation and suggest that rapidly growing regions of the brain are most susceptible to sleep perturbations early in life. he ontogenetic hypothesis of sleep, proposed nearly ...
Serotonin modulates responses to species
... to auditory nuclei are located in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and often fire in correlation with the level of arousal (Trulson and Jacobs 1979). Levels of serotonin in target regions of the brain are correspondingly higher during increased activity of raphe neurons, whether this activity is induced (fo ...
... to auditory nuclei are located in the dorsal raphe nucleus, and often fire in correlation with the level of arousal (Trulson and Jacobs 1979). Levels of serotonin in target regions of the brain are correspondingly higher during increased activity of raphe neurons, whether this activity is induced (fo ...
Chapter 02: Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature
... Incorrect. This term refers to an animal that walks on two feet. Fish are not bipedal animals, yet they adapt very well to their environments. c. specialization d. natural selection Correct. This was the major crux of Darwin's theory of evolution. e. creationism Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 44 Topi ...
... Incorrect. This term refers to an animal that walks on two feet. Fish are not bipedal animals, yet they adapt very well to their environments. c. specialization d. natural selection Correct. This was the major crux of Darwin's theory of evolution. e. creationism Difficulty: 2 Page Reference: 44 Topi ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... are asymmetric in form. While dendrite 2 has a relatively uniform thickness of about 1 9.m the surprising feature of dendrite I is the very thin middle segment. In this segment, including the place where it receives the degenerating geniculocortical axon terminal, the diameter of the dendrite is onl ...
... are asymmetric in form. While dendrite 2 has a relatively uniform thickness of about 1 9.m the surprising feature of dendrite I is the very thin middle segment. In this segment, including the place where it receives the degenerating geniculocortical axon terminal, the diameter of the dendrite is onl ...
microcircuits in the striatum striatal cell types and their
... evidence for the existence of the recurrent feedback inhibition between spiny projection neurons has only been forthcoming during the last 2 years, and does not fit the relatively simple previously suggested role of a selection circuit. Similarly, striatal interneurons (e.g., the fast-spiking intern ...
... evidence for the existence of the recurrent feedback inhibition between spiny projection neurons has only been forthcoming during the last 2 years, and does not fit the relatively simple previously suggested role of a selection circuit. Similarly, striatal interneurons (e.g., the fast-spiking intern ...
as a PDF
... both the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. These stimuli are sensed by two kinds of receptors: osmoreceptor-Na⫹ receptors and volume or pressure receptors. This information is conveyed to specific areas of the central nervous system responsible for an integrated response, which dep ...
... both the intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. These stimuli are sensed by two kinds of receptors: osmoreceptor-Na⫹ receptors and volume or pressure receptors. This information is conveyed to specific areas of the central nervous system responsible for an integrated response, which dep ...