olfaction
... gas an odor that can be detected when even small amounts of gas leak from a cylinder. ...
... gas an odor that can be detected when even small amounts of gas leak from a cylinder. ...
Brain glycine receptors as a common target for alcohol and
... secondary and indirect effect on nAChRs in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), subsequently activating dopaminergic neurons leading to an increase of extracellular dopamine in the nAc. Pharmacological modulation of these receptors alters the activity of the suggested nAc-VTA-nAc circuitry with promine ...
... secondary and indirect effect on nAChRs in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), subsequently activating dopaminergic neurons leading to an increase of extracellular dopamine in the nAc. Pharmacological modulation of these receptors alters the activity of the suggested nAc-VTA-nAc circuitry with promine ...
Distinct Neuropathologic Phenotypes After Disrupting the
... revealed a series of common themes with respect to the brain regions and cell types that are affected, although the precise timing and nature of these events differs among NCL forms (22Y25). Regional cortical atrophy, localized early gliosis, and loss of both interneurons and thalamic relay neurons ...
... revealed a series of common themes with respect to the brain regions and cell types that are affected, although the precise timing and nature of these events differs among NCL forms (22Y25). Regional cortical atrophy, localized early gliosis, and loss of both interneurons and thalamic relay neurons ...
The Placebo Effect
... By looking through PubMed and inserting the search word “placebo,” more than 115,000 papers can be found. Most of the papers are clinical trials in which an active treatment is compared with a placebo, some are reviews about placebo effects in pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and others are papers ...
... By looking through PubMed and inserting the search word “placebo,” more than 115,000 papers can be found. Most of the papers are clinical trials in which an active treatment is compared with a placebo, some are reviews about placebo effects in pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and others are papers ...
Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional
... P ⬍ .05, 2-sided, with family-wise error (FWE) whole-brain correction. Another group comparison map was performed comparing glucose with fructose conditions (P ⬍ .05, 2-sided, FWE whole-brain corrected). The association of changes in circulating hormones with brain CBF response to fructose and gluco ...
... P ⬍ .05, 2-sided, with family-wise error (FWE) whole-brain correction. Another group comparison map was performed comparing glucose with fructose conditions (P ⬍ .05, 2-sided, FWE whole-brain corrected). The association of changes in circulating hormones with brain CBF response to fructose and gluco ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... matter, given timely handling or not，the outcome of SCI is not satisfactory. Thus, it’s urgent to find effective treatment methods for SCI, and many experiments have been done covering many aspects, such as molecule, cell, gene, drug treatment, and so on. In this study, we have discovered that GDNF ...
... matter, given timely handling or not，the outcome of SCI is not satisfactory. Thus, it’s urgent to find effective treatment methods for SCI, and many experiments have been done covering many aspects, such as molecule, cell, gene, drug treatment, and so on. In this study, we have discovered that GDNF ...
- TestbankU
... 37. The strength of the brain’s response to a weak or strong stimulus is a result of _____ a) how many and how fast neurons fire. b) the all or none rule. c) how many millivolts the neuron has. d) whether action potential occurs. Answer: a The all or none rule states that neurons either fire or don ...
... 37. The strength of the brain’s response to a weak or strong stimulus is a result of _____ a) how many and how fast neurons fire. b) the all or none rule. c) how many millivolts the neuron has. d) whether action potential occurs. Answer: a The all or none rule states that neurons either fire or don ...
Temporal modulation of the dynamics of neuronal networks with
... We investigated the putative function of the ne temporal dynamics of neuronal networks for implementing cognitive processes. First, we characterized the coding properties of spike trains recorded from the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adap ...
... We investigated the putative function of the ne temporal dynamics of neuronal networks for implementing cognitive processes. First, we characterized the coding properties of spike trains recorded from the dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC) of monkeys. dACC is thought to trigger behavioral adap ...
Central nervous system control of the laryngeal muscles in humans
... resulting from multiple muscle contractions is highly dependent upon the geometry of the cricoarytenoid joint. The LCA and the PCA both insert on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and the direction of movement will depend upon the relative co-contraction of these opposing muscles. With ...
... resulting from multiple muscle contractions is highly dependent upon the geometry of the cricoarytenoid joint. The LCA and the PCA both insert on the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and the direction of movement will depend upon the relative co-contraction of these opposing muscles. With ...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca
... 5-MeO-DMT, respectively, with significant post-hoc differences between 5-MeO-DMT and saline in all posttreatment periods (Fig. 2). Since hallucinogenic drugs are known to have clear effects on the autonomic nervous system and blood pressure (McCall et al., 1987; McCall and Harris, 1988). In order to ...
... 5-MeO-DMT, respectively, with significant post-hoc differences between 5-MeO-DMT and saline in all posttreatment periods (Fig. 2). Since hallucinogenic drugs are known to have clear effects on the autonomic nervous system and blood pressure (McCall et al., 1987; McCall and Harris, 1988). In order to ...
Glia cells, lipid metabolism and Alzheimer`s disease
... Glia cells Glia cells are non-neuronal cells within the nervous system, where they outnumber neurons by approximately ten-fold. They are non-excitable and communicate with each other as well as with neurons via chemical signals rather than electrical signals. There are several types of glia cells i ...
... Glia cells Glia cells are non-neuronal cells within the nervous system, where they outnumber neurons by approximately ten-fold. They are non-excitable and communicate with each other as well as with neurons via chemical signals rather than electrical signals. There are several types of glia cells i ...
Serotonin Modulates Developmental Microglia
... everywhere in the brain and at various ages (data not shown). For the quantitative analysis, we focused on dLGN in the thalamus, in which axons from RGCs form synaptic connections with relay neurons in order to establish the retinogeniculate pathway of the visual system. We selected this region of i ...
... everywhere in the brain and at various ages (data not shown). For the quantitative analysis, we focused on dLGN in the thalamus, in which axons from RGCs form synaptic connections with relay neurons in order to establish the retinogeniculate pathway of the visual system. We selected this region of i ...
Coexposure of Neonatal Mice to a Flame
... maze was raised 60 cm off the floor. Each arm was baited 3 cm from its outer most walls by placing a small food pellet (5 mg) behind a low barrier preventing the animal from seeing if a specific arm was baited or not. The animals were tested on 3 consecutive days, one trial per day. The tests were p ...
... maze was raised 60 cm off the floor. Each arm was baited 3 cm from its outer most walls by placing a small food pellet (5 mg) behind a low barrier preventing the animal from seeing if a specific arm was baited or not. The animals were tested on 3 consecutive days, one trial per day. The tests were p ...
cocaine 2008 - addiction education home
... expression and addiction behavior. To further explore the role of dopamine D1 receptor signaling, we measured cocaine-related locomotor activity and place preference in mice pretreated for up to 10 days with the D1 agonist SKF82958 and/or the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), sodium butyrate. C ...
... expression and addiction behavior. To further explore the role of dopamine D1 receptor signaling, we measured cocaine-related locomotor activity and place preference in mice pretreated for up to 10 days with the D1 agonist SKF82958 and/or the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), sodium butyrate. C ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... Submitted 1 March 2011; accepted in final form 6 September 2011 ...
... Submitted 1 March 2011; accepted in final form 6 September 2011 ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... vasoconstriction. Warming signals enhance the descending inhibition from the POA to inhibit the motor outputs, resulting in cutaneous vasodilation and inhibited thermogenesis. This central thermoregulatory mechanism also functions for metabolic regulation and stress-induced hyperthermia. brown adipo ...
... vasoconstriction. Warming signals enhance the descending inhibition from the POA to inhibit the motor outputs, resulting in cutaneous vasodilation and inhibited thermogenesis. This central thermoregulatory mechanism also functions for metabolic regulation and stress-induced hyperthermia. brown adipo ...
Review International Journal of Integrative Biology Reticular
... material, anatomists have been able to identify more than 40 nuclei, although their borders are often poorly defined. However, as in many other parts of the brain, modern tracer methods and transmitter-specific techniques have revealed the existence of chemically specific cell groups and anatomic sy ...
... material, anatomists have been able to identify more than 40 nuclei, although their borders are often poorly defined. However, as in many other parts of the brain, modern tracer methods and transmitter-specific techniques have revealed the existence of chemically specific cell groups and anatomic sy ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... enlargement at the tip (Stuart et al 2008). Filopodia are long, thin and highly motile forms that, given their lack synaptic contacts, represent an immature stage in spine development (Arellano et al., 2007). There are many morphological variations among these basic spine shapes, leading some invest ...
... enlargement at the tip (Stuart et al 2008). Filopodia are long, thin and highly motile forms that, given their lack synaptic contacts, represent an immature stage in spine development (Arellano et al., 2007). There are many morphological variations among these basic spine shapes, leading some invest ...
Anatomical Distribution of Serotonin- Containing
... By using a monoclonal antibody to serotonin (5-HT), an immunohistochemical study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive description of the 5-HT-containing neurons and of the distribution of their axonal processes in the cat brain and spinal cord. The localization of cell bodies was comparable to ...
... By using a monoclonal antibody to serotonin (5-HT), an immunohistochemical study was undertaken to provide a comprehensive description of the 5-HT-containing neurons and of the distribution of their axonal processes in the cat brain and spinal cord. The localization of cell bodies was comparable to ...
1
... suggest an important role of the cerebellum. However, nearly all these studies are based on the analysis of apriori selected regions of interest (known as ROI approaches). Recent studies, using more global approaches, found that ADHD structural abnormalities were not limited to fronto-striatal-cereb ...
... suggest an important role of the cerebellum. However, nearly all these studies are based on the analysis of apriori selected regions of interest (known as ROI approaches). Recent studies, using more global approaches, found that ADHD structural abnormalities were not limited to fronto-striatal-cereb ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
New Treatment Approaches in Tinnitus: The Place of Repetitive
... studies, there are articles suggesting that these neural changes in tDCS-applied patients can be observed not only in the short run after the application but also in the long run (29). In the literature, some of the very seldom and mild side effects are counted as nausea, headache, intracutaneous re ...
... studies, there are articles suggesting that these neural changes in tDCS-applied patients can be observed not only in the short run after the application but also in the long run (29). In the literature, some of the very seldom and mild side effects are counted as nausea, headache, intracutaneous re ...
More on the evolution of imitation
... experience, the visual perception of “grasping” by another animal could activate neurons based on a visual “equivalence class” between the sight of one’s own and another’s hand. If this analysis is correct, mirror neurons could result from learning and visual generalization. It is now critical for t ...
... experience, the visual perception of “grasping” by another animal could activate neurons based on a visual “equivalence class” between the sight of one’s own and another’s hand. If this analysis is correct, mirror neurons could result from learning and visual generalization. It is now critical for t ...
Full-Text PDF
... on the modulation of autonomic reactions and the automatic components of emotional learning. Based on clinical observations in patients affected by cerebellar damage, there is a lowered skin conduction response to negative stimuli [14] and an impaired blink reflex to fear stimuli [74]. Reports of im ...
... on the modulation of autonomic reactions and the automatic components of emotional learning. Based on clinical observations in patients affected by cerebellar damage, there is a lowered skin conduction response to negative stimuli [14] and an impaired blink reflex to fear stimuli [74]. Reports of im ...