Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... cortices (ACC). Callosal connections are demonstrated by the ability to regularly record epileptiform events between hemispheres (bilateral events). That the correlation of these events depends on the callosum is demonstrated by the bisection of the callosum in vitro. Epileptiform events are evoked ...
... cortices (ACC). Callosal connections are demonstrated by the ability to regularly record epileptiform events between hemispheres (bilateral events). That the correlation of these events depends on the callosum is demonstrated by the bisection of the callosum in vitro. Epileptiform events are evoked ...
Social regulation of aggression by pheromonal activation of Or65a
... chronic effects of a single pheromone are mediated by two distinct types of ORNs, reveal a behaviorally important role for interneurons and suggest a chemical method to reduce aggression in animals. Both genes and environment are important for behaviors. Among the environmental factors, social influ ...
... chronic effects of a single pheromone are mediated by two distinct types of ORNs, reveal a behaviorally important role for interneurons and suggest a chemical method to reduce aggression in animals. Both genes and environment are important for behaviors. Among the environmental factors, social influ ...
An Adaptation for Altruism? The Social Causes, Social Effects, and
... from someone’s costly, intentional, voluntary effort on their behalf. Experiencing gratitude motivates beneficiaries to repay their benefactors and to extend generosity to third parties. Expressions of gratitude also reinforce benefactors for their generosity. These social features distinguish grati ...
... from someone’s costly, intentional, voluntary effort on their behalf. Experiencing gratitude motivates beneficiaries to repay their benefactors and to extend generosity to third parties. Expressions of gratitude also reinforce benefactors for their generosity. These social features distinguish grati ...
Extracellular voltage threshold settings can be tuned for optimal
... potential waveforms of an individual neuron. Recently, in brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), it has been recognized that threshold crossing events of the voltage waveform also convey rich information. To date, the threshold for detecting threshold crossings has been selected to preserve single-neuron ...
... potential waveforms of an individual neuron. Recently, in brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), it has been recognized that threshold crossing events of the voltage waveform also convey rich information. To date, the threshold for detecting threshold crossings has been selected to preserve single-neuron ...
This type of hearing loss is classified as when “the
... or masses and head injuries” (cochlear.com). Depending on the severity of the mixed deafness, it may able to be treated with medications, surgery, hearing aids, or an implantable bone conduction hearing system (cochlear.com). Unilateral deafness is when an individual’s hearing is normal in one ear b ...
... or masses and head injuries” (cochlear.com). Depending on the severity of the mixed deafness, it may able to be treated with medications, surgery, hearing aids, or an implantable bone conduction hearing system (cochlear.com). Unilateral deafness is when an individual’s hearing is normal in one ear b ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... were tested subsequently for horizontal modulation. It will be shown that many FN neurons carry a clear vestibular signal, which can be related to individual canals. Many neurons also show a convergence either of different vertical canals (VCs) or of HCs and VCs. Other neurons had an otolith input. ...
... were tested subsequently for horizontal modulation. It will be shown that many FN neurons carry a clear vestibular signal, which can be related to individual canals. Many neurons also show a convergence either of different vertical canals (VCs) or of HCs and VCs. Other neurons had an otolith input. ...
Extracellular Glutamate, Glutamine, and GABA in the Hippocampus
... of the population (1). Epilepsy is broadly classified as localization-related or generalized, depending on whether it originates in one hemisphere or involves the cortex bilaterally, respectively. Epilepsy can be further characterized as idiopathic, which suggests a genetic basis and is not associat ...
... of the population (1). Epilepsy is broadly classified as localization-related or generalized, depending on whether it originates in one hemisphere or involves the cortex bilaterally, respectively. Epilepsy can be further characterized as idiopathic, which suggests a genetic basis and is not associat ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... aggregation whose neurons are slightly larger and more darkly stained than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Niss ...
... aggregation whose neurons are slightly larger and more darkly stained than those in the adjacent preoptic region but smaller and less darkly stained than those in supraoptic neurons. However, in lesioned animals these distinctions can be difficult. Furthermore, the V L PO is surrounded by other Niss ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
... mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the application of TMS applied 50 ms before the perturbation. The order of task ...
... mechanical environment and task instruction (Compliant:Resist) differed from the baseline (Stiff:DNI) condition was investigated in experiment 3. Blocks of 20 trials in each task condition were performed with and without the application of TMS applied 50 ms before the perturbation. The order of task ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
... extinction phase (Figure 1A). The conditioning procedure was adapted from prior studies in our laboratory (Stark et al., 2006; Merz et al., 2013) and included an additional extinction phase. A total of 16 CSþ and 16 CS trials were presented in the acquisition and in the extinction phase (total time ...
... extinction phase (Figure 1A). The conditioning procedure was adapted from prior studies in our laboratory (Stark et al., 2006; Merz et al., 2013) and included an additional extinction phase. A total of 16 CSþ and 16 CS trials were presented in the acquisition and in the extinction phase (total time ...
- The Human Brain
... the electrodes must be truly placed in the target without damaging other structures which may be obtained stereotactically, and the given stimulus (electrical-chemical) should be kept from spreading to adjoining structures . For all these reasons, the findings are disputable . The most relevant find ...
... the electrodes must be truly placed in the target without damaging other structures which may be obtained stereotactically, and the given stimulus (electrical-chemical) should be kept from spreading to adjoining structures . For all these reasons, the findings are disputable . The most relevant find ...
INFUSION OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) INTO KITTEN
... monocularity in kitten visual cortex, a monocularity index (MI) was employed (Stryker and Harris, 1986). Again, seven ocular dominance categories were used, but in this case, category number 1 contained units which responded only to visual stimulation of the eye contralateral to the hemisphere being ...
... monocularity in kitten visual cortex, a monocularity index (MI) was employed (Stryker and Harris, 1986). Again, seven ocular dominance categories were used, but in this case, category number 1 contained units which responded only to visual stimulation of the eye contralateral to the hemisphere being ...
Feeding Stimulants Activate an Identified Dopaminergic Interneuron
... which plasticity of motor output of the CPG can arise. Each CPG subunit is a conditional neuronal oscillator that can be independently rhythmically active. The subunits also can be functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise ...
... which plasticity of motor output of the CPG can arise. Each CPG subunit is a conditional neuronal oscillator that can be independently rhythmically active. The subunits also can be functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise ...
thyroid hormones in brain development and
... astrocytes, in proportions that depend on the developmental stage. T4 and T3 are degraded by Dio3 present in neurons. Entry of T4 and T3 in brain is facilitated by specific transmembrane transporters, mainly the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) and the organic anion transporter polypeptide 1c1 ( ...
... astrocytes, in proportions that depend on the developmental stage. T4 and T3 are degraded by Dio3 present in neurons. Entry of T4 and T3 in brain is facilitated by specific transmembrane transporters, mainly the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) and the organic anion transporter polypeptide 1c1 ( ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... Orexin neurons not only send projections to various brain regions, but they also receive multiple innervations. Retrograde tracers, such as the nontoxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) and the cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B), were utilized to show synaptic connections involving orexin neur ...
... Orexin neurons not only send projections to various brain regions, but they also receive multiple innervations. Retrograde tracers, such as the nontoxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) and the cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B), were utilized to show synaptic connections involving orexin neur ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... and Merchán, 2004). Afferent projections to the IC are both excitatory and inhibitory (Oliver, 1984a, 1987; Shneiderman and Henkel, 1987; Saint Marie et al., 1989; Saint Marie and Baker, 1990; Li and Kelly, 1992; Riquelme et al., 2001). Likewise, projections from the IC to the MGB are also excitator ...
... and Merchán, 2004). Afferent projections to the IC are both excitatory and inhibitory (Oliver, 1984a, 1987; Shneiderman and Henkel, 1987; Saint Marie et al., 1989; Saint Marie and Baker, 1990; Li and Kelly, 1992; Riquelme et al., 2001). Likewise, projections from the IC to the MGB are also excitator ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... diapause behaviour. Depending on e.g. the availability of food, temperature, and photoperiod, the beetle will either reproduce or enter diapause. Reproduction requires a high juvenile hormone titre in the hemolymph (de Wilde et al. 1968). Diapause is initiated when the juvenile hormone titre in the ...
... diapause behaviour. Depending on e.g. the availability of food, temperature, and photoperiod, the beetle will either reproduce or enter diapause. Reproduction requires a high juvenile hormone titre in the hemolymph (de Wilde et al. 1968). Diapause is initiated when the juvenile hormone titre in the ...
Tinnitus is Big Business
... 50 million Americans have tinnitus, and that two million are so debilitated by it that they can’t function on a normal day-to-day basis. In many cases, the stress and anguish of hearing loss and tinnitus contribute to the suffering. Although pills and “cures” abound, most agree that the only way to ...
... 50 million Americans have tinnitus, and that two million are so debilitated by it that they can’t function on a normal day-to-day basis. In many cases, the stress and anguish of hearing loss and tinnitus contribute to the suffering. Although pills and “cures” abound, most agree that the only way to ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... of autoinhibitory D2 receptors that reduce DA signaling.77,78 However, it is unclear which DA neurons actually promote arousal. DA-producing neurons are most abundant in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, yet cells in these regions fire in relation to movement or reward but, in general ...
... of autoinhibitory D2 receptors that reduce DA signaling.77,78 However, it is unclear which DA neurons actually promote arousal. DA-producing neurons are most abundant in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, yet cells in these regions fire in relation to movement or reward but, in general ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... degrees by different species. Although the experimental basis to be described for the model in Figure 2 has been determined largely from studies in rodents and often under anesthetized conditions, the fundamental neural circuits elucidated through this work are expected to exist across a wide variet ...
... degrees by different species. Although the experimental basis to be described for the model in Figure 2 has been determined largely from studies in rodents and often under anesthetized conditions, the fundamental neural circuits elucidated through this work are expected to exist across a wide variet ...
Read Here
... effector tools (Ray et al., 2011; Brust et al., 2014; Niederkofler et al., 2016). Here, we apply these tools to characterize the function and projections of Tac1-Pet1 neurons. Studies have linked the control of breathing to 5-HT, substance P, its receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), and medul ...
... effector tools (Ray et al., 2011; Brust et al., 2014; Niederkofler et al., 2016). Here, we apply these tools to characterize the function and projections of Tac1-Pet1 neurons. Studies have linked the control of breathing to 5-HT, substance P, its receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), and medul ...
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
... Indeed, recent studies have shown that there are also functional differences between the two portions of the PPN, which have been evaluated in terms of behavioral responses following excitotoxic lesions or electrical stimulation (Alderson et al., 2006, 2008; Andero et al., 2007). Taken together, the ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM Similar to other sensory systems, olfactory information must be transmitted from peripheral structures (the olfactory epithelium) to more central structures (the olfactory bulb and cortex), integrated to detect and discriminate specific stimuli, and then transferred to other par ...
... THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM Similar to other sensory systems, olfactory information must be transmitted from peripheral structures (the olfactory epithelium) to more central structures (the olfactory bulb and cortex), integrated to detect and discriminate specific stimuli, and then transferred to other par ...