The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
... rat brain beyond the basal forebrain. They are found in the striatum, the medial habenular nucleus, mesopontine tegmentum, cranial nerve motor nuclei and the ventral horn of the spinal cord (for ref. see Semba, 2004). Cholinergic intrinsic neurons are absent in the cortex of the BALB/c ByJ mouse (Ki ...
B. F. Skinner - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... he thought that people should be controlled through the systematic allocation of external rewards.[27] Skinner believed that behavior is maintained from one condition to another through similar or same consequences across these situations. In short, behaviors are causal factors that are influenced b ...
... he thought that people should be controlled through the systematic allocation of external rewards.[27] Skinner believed that behavior is maintained from one condition to another through similar or same consequences across these situations. In short, behaviors are causal factors that are influenced b ...
pathophysiology of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
... ADHD that focused on catecholamine metabolites and enzymes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid produced conflicting results (23,24). Perhaps the best summary of this literature is that aberrations in no single neurotransmitter system can account for the available data. Of course, because studies of neu ...
... ADHD that focused on catecholamine metabolites and enzymes in serum and cerebrospinal fluid produced conflicting results (23,24). Perhaps the best summary of this literature is that aberrations in no single neurotransmitter system can account for the available data. Of course, because studies of neu ...
Electroencephalography - Department of Computational and
... fMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, fMRI) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity. EEG can be used simultaneousl ...
... fMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, fMRI) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity. EEG can be used simultaneousl ...
1 - Test Bank
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
... 25. The primary purpose of the myelin sheath is to ________. a. insulate the neuron so it can transmit information more efficiently Correct: The myelin sheath protects and insulates the neuron, and helps to speed up the process of neural communication. b. receive messages from outside the neuron and ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... 5B. In many cases, we find it possible to trace the flow of visual information through several “circuits” in striate cortex that have, as their output, projections to extrastriate cortex or to the brainstem. Our results offer additional insights in this regard since we are able, in many cases, to co ...
... 5B. In many cases, we find it possible to trace the flow of visual information through several “circuits” in striate cortex that have, as their output, projections to extrastriate cortex or to the brainstem. Our results offer additional insights in this regard since we are able, in many cases, to co ...
Project 2 - UM Personal World Wide Web Server
... data. Interestingly, the response of happiness to widowing appears to depend on whether the deceased was covered by life-insurance. Thus, the financial aspects of shocks seem to matter as well as the nonfinancial aspects. ...
... data. Interestingly, the response of happiness to widowing appears to depend on whether the deceased was covered by life-insurance. Thus, the financial aspects of shocks seem to matter as well as the nonfinancial aspects. ...
Neurological characterization of mice deficient in GSK3α highlight
... for normal Mendelian transmission. Continued breeding yielded offspring that consistently carried only the recombined GSK3α alleles without the Cre-recombinase, confirming that we had produced a mouse strain that lacked active GSK3α genes completely (Figure 1A). We hereby confirmed independently, th ...
... for normal Mendelian transmission. Continued breeding yielded offspring that consistently carried only the recombined GSK3α alleles without the Cre-recombinase, confirming that we had produced a mouse strain that lacked active GSK3α genes completely (Figure 1A). We hereby confirmed independently, th ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco smoke, produces diverse neurophysiological, motivational and behavioural effects through several brain regions and neurochemical pathways. Recent research in the fields of behavioural pharmacology, genetics and electrophysiology is providing an ...
... Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco smoke, produces diverse neurophysiological, motivational and behavioural effects through several brain regions and neurochemical pathways. Recent research in the fields of behavioural pharmacology, genetics and electrophysiology is providing an ...
Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... stimulus, CS) acquires aversive predictive properties after successive pairings with a footshock (unconditioned stimulus, US) and comes to elicit responses characteristically elicited by threatening stimuli. In this behavioral paradigm, the amygdala has been identified has a key neural substrate for ...
... stimulus, CS) acquires aversive predictive properties after successive pairings with a footshock (unconditioned stimulus, US) and comes to elicit responses characteristically elicited by threatening stimuli. In this behavioral paradigm, the amygdala has been identified has a key neural substrate for ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et al., 2005). The STN neuronal ...
... the cortico-basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit, the STN plays an important role in not only motor, but also in cognitive and limbic processes. Classically the STN is divided into three subregions: a motor, limbic and associative part (Hamani, et al., 2004, Temel, et al., 2005). The STN neuronal ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... appears to be more complicated than the animal models suggest. Perhaps, as Benignus et al. (1998) suggests, it may be that the concentration of toluene in the tissue (in lieu of current measures of exposure concentration and duration) would yield a more straightforward relationship between toluene " ...
... appears to be more complicated than the animal models suggest. Perhaps, as Benignus et al. (1998) suggests, it may be that the concentration of toluene in the tissue (in lieu of current measures of exposure concentration and duration) would yield a more straightforward relationship between toluene " ...
The cerebral cortex of Albert Einstein: a description and preliminary
... The materials were physically acquired in June of 2010 and are cared for by members of the staff of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, then a component of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology on the grounds of Walter Reed Army Medical Centre in Washington, DC. They were accessioned into ...
... The materials were physically acquired in June of 2010 and are cared for by members of the staff of the National Museum of Health and Medicine, then a component of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology on the grounds of Walter Reed Army Medical Centre in Washington, DC. They were accessioned into ...
The Roles of the Amygdala and the Hippocampus in Fear
... Fear conditioning is a form of classical conditioning, the difference, is that the US is unpleasant and used to investigate the neural mechanisms of emotional learning across a wide range of species, especially in rats. The fear conditioning experiment tests a rat’s response to a specific stimulus a ...
... Fear conditioning is a form of classical conditioning, the difference, is that the US is unpleasant and used to investigate the neural mechanisms of emotional learning across a wide range of species, especially in rats. The fear conditioning experiment tests a rat’s response to a specific stimulus a ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of
... correlated neural activity between voxels to make inferences about the functional organization of the brain (Biswal et al, 2010). Conveniently, these data can be acquired at rest, unbiased from task demands. The resting-state approach characterizes synchronous patterns of blood-oxygen level dependen ...
... correlated neural activity between voxels to make inferences about the functional organization of the brain (Biswal et al, 2010). Conveniently, these data can be acquired at rest, unbiased from task demands. The resting-state approach characterizes synchronous patterns of blood-oxygen level dependen ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... During my dissertation work at Georgia State University, I have had the great fortune of being mentored by a number of amazing individuals. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Paul Katz, who provided just the right amount of guidance, patience, advice, and prodding at all the ...
... During my dissertation work at Georgia State University, I have had the great fortune of being mentored by a number of amazing individuals. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Paul Katz, who provided just the right amount of guidance, patience, advice, and prodding at all the ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... the rostra1 face of the internal capsule exposed; (3) a medial approach by cutting the brain at the midline; and (4) a dorsocaudal approach by excising dorsoposterior cortex, which reveals the dorsomedial aspect of the internal capsule protruding into the lateral ventricle. Three approaches were use ...
... the rostra1 face of the internal capsule exposed; (3) a medial approach by cutting the brain at the midline; and (4) a dorsocaudal approach by excising dorsoposterior cortex, which reveals the dorsomedial aspect of the internal capsule protruding into the lateral ventricle. Three approaches were use ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... pharmacological treatment and implanted with electrodes for potential surgical treatment (18 patients, 129 regions recorded and hundreds of units, see Methods). The dataset includes brain recordings at different scales (scalp EEG, depth EEG, LFP and single-unit recordings), which gives us the possib ...
... pharmacological treatment and implanted with electrodes for potential surgical treatment (18 patients, 129 regions recorded and hundreds of units, see Methods). The dataset includes brain recordings at different scales (scalp EEG, depth EEG, LFP and single-unit recordings), which gives us the possib ...
Chapter 2 Reivew of Lierature
... exposure to a drug of abuse, and can persist for months or years after discontinuation of drug use. As a result, drug addiction can be considered a form of drug-induced neural plasticity (Nestler, 1993). The stability of the behavioral abnormalities that define addiction suggests a role in gene expr ...
... exposure to a drug of abuse, and can persist for months or years after discontinuation of drug use. As a result, drug addiction can be considered a form of drug-induced neural plasticity (Nestler, 1993). The stability of the behavioral abnormalities that define addiction suggests a role in gene expr ...
table of contents
... to force development and, therefore, contribute to the development of fatigue. Firstly, Pi may bind to myosin, which may decrease force output (27) and decrease peak isometric tension (28) due to a decrease in the number of actin-myosin cross bridges in the strongly-bound state. Additionally, Pi may ...
... to force development and, therefore, contribute to the development of fatigue. Firstly, Pi may bind to myosin, which may decrease force output (27) and decrease peak isometric tension (28) due to a decrease in the number of actin-myosin cross bridges in the strongly-bound state. Additionally, Pi may ...
Preview the material
... Asperger Syndrome is considered a sub-type of autism spectrum disorder. The cause of Asperger Syndrome is unknown, and presents 4 times more frequently in boys than it does in girls [9]. Many consider Asperger syndrome to be the mildest form of autism; therefore, many with Asperger’s are considered ...
... Asperger Syndrome is considered a sub-type of autism spectrum disorder. The cause of Asperger Syndrome is unknown, and presents 4 times more frequently in boys than it does in girls [9]. Many consider Asperger syndrome to be the mildest form of autism; therefore, many with Asperger’s are considered ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... has been the focus of many other sleep researchers investigating REM sleep mechanisms, although a variety of names such as peri-locus coeruleus alpha, peribrachial region and pontine inhibitory region were used to describe this region in cats (Hu et al., 1989; Lai and Siegel, 1991; Xi et al., 2001). ...
... has been the focus of many other sleep researchers investigating REM sleep mechanisms, although a variety of names such as peri-locus coeruleus alpha, peribrachial region and pontine inhibitory region were used to describe this region in cats (Hu et al., 1989; Lai and Siegel, 1991; Xi et al., 2001). ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... (99), and analgesia (17). Many of orexin’s known behavioral effects, such as stimulation of food intake, wheel running, and spontaneous physical activity can be induced by local injection of orexins into the LH/PFA (27, 60, 61, 79, 111, 113, 116, 125). An orexin injection into the LH/PFA also result ...
... (99), and analgesia (17). Many of orexin’s known behavioral effects, such as stimulation of food intake, wheel running, and spontaneous physical activity can be induced by local injection of orexins into the LH/PFA (27, 60, 61, 79, 111, 113, 116, 125). An orexin injection into the LH/PFA also result ...