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on Chlorophyll Stability in Green Peas
on Chlorophyll Stability in Green Peas

... During heat treatment, chlorophyll degrades to pheophytin, which in turn decomposes to other degradation products. Both chlorophyll and pheophytin conversion can be minimized by the addition of maillard reaction products to improve the colour stability. The present study clearly shows the advantage ...
Aromatic Amino Acids-Guanidinium Complexes through
Aromatic Amino Acids-Guanidinium Complexes through

... they also reported the importance of these interactions for protein engineering [4,5]. During the 1990s, Thornton and Singh [6] analyzed a large number of crystal structures and found that aromatic amino acids prefer stacking interactions to hydrogen bonding [7]. In 2011, Frontera et al. published a ...
Aromatic Amino Acids-Guanidinium Complexes through
Aromatic Amino Acids-Guanidinium Complexes through

... they also reported the importance of these interactions for protein engineering [4,5]. During the 1990s, Thornton and Singh [6] analyzed a large number of crystal structures and found that aromatic amino acids prefer stacking interactions to hydrogen bonding [7]. In 2011, Frontera et al. published a ...
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... Entry of other carbohydrates into glycolysis Fructose Liver Cells They have another enzyme, fructokinase. • It has a stronger affinity for fructose. • It catalyzes phosphoryl group transfer from ATP to produce fructose-1phosphate. An aldolase-type cleavage and additional phosphorylation must also o ...
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SQA CfE Higher Chemistry Unit 1: Chemical Changes and Structure
SQA CfE Higher Chemistry Unit 1: Chemical Changes and Structure

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jxb.oxfordjournals.org
jxb.oxfordjournals.org

... complex I (Gutierres et al., 1997) and possesses high amounts of AOX transcript and protein (Sabar et al., 2000), has received increased attention. The observed differences in activities of the photosynthetic and respiratory pathways as compared with wild-type plants have been proposed to result fro ...
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... chloroplasts show an activation by light and deactivation in the dark. The stim ulation o f acetyl-CoA carboxylase by dithiothreitol in darkened chloroplasts points to an involvem ent o f reducing equivalents in the light activation o f this enzyme. But more than by alterations o f the activation st ...
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... chloroplasts show an activation by light and deactivation in the dark. The stim ulation o f acetyl-CoA carboxylase by dithiothreitol in darkened chloroplasts points to an involvem ent o f reducing equivalents in the light activation o f this enzyme. But more than by alterations o f the activation st ...
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Leaf Net Photosynthesis
Leaf Net Photosynthesis

... every photon in the PAR absorbed by the leaf has the same effect on photosynthesis, regardless  of its wavelength or energy.  Careful examination of the figures above reveals that the PRI curve does not pass through the  origin; instead, it has a negative intercept on the y­axis. This indicates that ...
Seasonal changes in xanthophyll composition
Seasonal changes in xanthophyll composition

... stress excess light could lead to photoinhibition whenever the plants are unable to avoid those conditions or to dissipate excess photon energy safely. A correlation between the ability to dissipate such excess excitation energy and the concentration of zeaxanthin has been shown in several species ( ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis

... Glucose + 2ADP +2Pi  + 2lactate + 2ATP + 2H2O - Two ATP molecules are released from process - This small amount of energy is valuable and important source of energy under certain conditions: when O2 supply is limited , during muscle intensive exercise. And also in tissue with few or no mitochondria ...
S08 Glycolysis
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... Glucose + 2ADP +2Pi  + 2lactate + 2ATP + 2H2O - Two ATP molecules are released from process - This small amount of energy is valuable and important source of energy under certain conditions: when O2 supply is limited , during muscle intensive exercise. And also in tissue with few or no mitochondria ...
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... Glucose + 2ADP +2Pi  + 2lactate + 2ATP + 2H2O - Two ATP molecules are released from process - This small amount of energy is valuable and important source of energy under certain conditions: when O2 supply is limited , during muscle intensive exercise. And also in tissue with few or no mitochondria ...
Lecture 008, Tissue - SuperPage for Joel R. Gober, PhD.
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... >> You know what its not. This is the right product. All right. So, this is actually a lot different than this guy right over here or like that or like this. How many different ways can it bounce into each other in the wrong way to not make products compared to, I forgot, which was the right way. >> ...
CfE Higher Chemistry Unit 1: Chemical Changes and Structure
CfE Higher Chemistry Unit 1: Chemical Changes and Structure

... All substances are made up of particles called atoms, ions or molecules, and these particles are constantly moving. The degree of movement depends upon the state of the substance. This is known as the 'kinetic model' of matter. In any sample of solution, liquid or gas there is a range of kinetic ene ...
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... protons enter the electron transport chain of the mitochondria via reduction  equivalents to generate ATP. The shuttle system is required because the mitochondrial  inner membrane is impermeable to NADH, the primary reducing equivalent of the  electron transport chain. To move NADH from the cytosol  ...
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Slide 1 / 85 Slide 2 / 85 Slide 3 / 85

... What chemical is necessary for light dependent reactions to occur? ...
Photosynthesis, productivity and environment
Photosynthesis, productivity and environment

... increased leaf area: the causes are considered. Crops growing at or near their potential rate use most of the available solar energy and there is a strong correlation between radiation absorbed and DMP and canopy photosynthesis is not light saturated. To increase production it will be necessary to e ...
Biochemical Thermodynamics
Biochemical Thermodynamics

... (open subsystems constituting the total isolate system), but it cannot be created or destroyed (because of isolate system). The second 2nd law of thermodynamics, which can be stated in several forms, says that the isolate system always tends to use own free energy G content toward increasing bound e ...
< 1 ... 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ... 286 >

Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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