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Cellular Respiration Webquest
Cellular Respiration Webquest

... (http://www.biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html) 1. What is ATP? ...
C4GEM - Genome-Scale Metabolic Model to
C4GEM - Genome-Scale Metabolic Model to

... (Oberhardt et al., 2009). Genome scale metabolic networks have also been reconstructed for mouse (Sheikh et al., 2005; Quek and Nielsen, 2008), human (Mo et al., 2007; Sigurdsson et al., 2009) and more recently for Arabidopsis (Poolman et al., 2009; de Oliveira Dal'Molin et al., 2010). These reconst ...
Gas Exchange and Production of Photosynthetic Pigments of Piper
Gas Exchange and Production of Photosynthetic Pigments of Piper

... In this way, we can infer that the high irradiance might favor the process of photorespiration. However, as the plants were grown at field capacity, i.e. not suffering water stress, this process may not have occurred, while the losses occurring in dry matter or its partition were due to the low effi ...
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... This is a pore with a large maximal conductance (12 000 pS) but with multiple subconductance states, and an estimated pore diameter of 2 nm (Crompton and Costi 1990), apparently concentrated at the contact sites between the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes. First discovered by the observation ...
Alkene epoxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 BM-3 139-3 Edgardo T. Farinas,
Alkene epoxidation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 BM-3 139-3 Edgardo T. Farinas,

... reflects the different C – H bond strengths: the v-2 secondary allylic C –H bond (DH 0298,83 kcal/mol) is weaker than the v-3 secondary C – H bond (DH 0298,98 kcal/mol). NADPH oxidation is not necessarily an accurate measure of P450 catalytic activity, because electron equivalents from NADPH can be ...
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Lipid Breakdown - Rose

... Enoyl-CoA hydratase catalyzes a hydration reaction that adds a water molecule across the double bond formed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. This reaction is similar to the fumarase reaction of the TCA cycle. Enoyl-CoA hydratase results in the formation of a hydroxyl group on the β-carbon of the acyl chai ...
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BCHEM 253 – METABOLISM IN HEALTH AND DISEASES
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... Step A. A general acid, presumably a lys ε-amino group catalyses the ring opening. Step B. A base presumably a carboxylate of glutamate abstracts the proton of C2 to form a cis enediolate intermediate, Step C: The proton abstracted from C2 is replaced on the C1 carbon. Ring closure then produces the ...
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CHAPTER 6

... FAD-dependent acyl-CoA oxidase • Peroxisomes - organelles that carry out flavindependent oxidations, regenerating oxidized flavins by reaction with O2 to produce H2O2 – Similar to mitochondrial b-oxidation, but initial double bond formation is by acyl-CoA oxidase – Electrons go to O2 rather than e- ...
glucose - WordPress.com
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... from a dark-adapted level (F0) to flash-saturated level (FM) constitutes the largest fraction of this variability range (typically 5-fold increase). This change of chlorophyll fluorescence emission is due to reduction of the plastoquinone pool and, consequently, of the primary quinone acceptor of Ph ...
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...  The synthesis of ATP is coupled with electron transport system and creation of proton gradient across the membrane during photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorlaion. Both are same but the difference is that during oxidative phosphorylation high H + ion concentration at intermembrane space/ p ...
metabolic pathways - MPG Systems Biology Forum
metabolic pathways - MPG Systems Biology Forum

... If the kinetic parameters were known, this could be solved for S. If not, one can try to solve it for V. The equation system is linear in V. However, usually there is a manifold of solutions. Mathematically: kernel (null-space) of N. Spanned by basis vectors. These are not unique. ...
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... from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration in order to reach an equillibrium. It is one of the principle methods of movement of substances within cells, as well as the method for essential small molecules to cross the cell membrane. In this process, the diffusing partic ...
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... • α-Ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinyl CoA by the αKetoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, producing CO2 and NADH. The enzyme is very similar to the PDH complex and uses the same coenzymes. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by Ca+2 and inhibited by NADH and succin ...
Chem 499 Final Exam Name
Chem 499 Final Exam Name

... located on the surface of cells and does not cross the cell membrane. However, the larger steroid estrone can cross cell membranes and interact with proteins located in the cell nucleus. Why is a larger steroid molecule able to cross the cell membranes while a smaller molecule, such as adrenaline ...
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... units to release energy for activities such as muscle contractions. Conversely, anabolic reactions take available glucose molecules and assemble them into glycogen for storage. Figure 7.3 illustrates catabolism and anabolism. Metabolic pathways are never completely inactive. Their activity continual ...
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Role of magnesium in carbon partitioning and alleviating

... concentration or photosynthetic activity. These findings suggest that accumulation of carbohydrates in Mg-deficient leaves is caused directly by Mg deficiency stress and not as a consequence of reduced sink activity. The role of Mg in the phloem-loading process seems to be specific; resupplying Mg f ...
File
File

... also known as the principle of conservation of energy. The electric company does not make energy, but merely converts it to a form that is convenient for us to use. By converting sunlight to chemical energy, a plant acts as an energy transformer, not an energy producer. ...
< 1 ... 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ... 286 >

Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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