
... NADH – Complex I – Q- Complex III-cytochrome C-Complex IV-O2 (4 pts) FADH2 – Complex II – Q- Complex III-cytochrome C-Complex IV-O2 (4 pts) v) The energy that is released during electron transport is stored as proton (hydrogen ion) gradient (1/2) across the inner membrane (1/2 pt) (complete the sent ...
Gluconeogensis
... b. transfers CO2 to N forming molecule on the right c. Biotin is covalently bound to enzyme d. Enzyme also binds pyruvate & deprotonates it i. Adds CO2 to pyruvate resulting in oxaloacetate e. Process requires energy (ATP) f. Takes place in mitochondria!!! – very easy exam question i. Pyruvate Carbo ...
... b. transfers CO2 to N forming molecule on the right c. Biotin is covalently bound to enzyme d. Enzyme also binds pyruvate & deprotonates it i. Adds CO2 to pyruvate resulting in oxaloacetate e. Process requires energy (ATP) f. Takes place in mitochondria!!! – very easy exam question i. Pyruvate Carbo ...
Russell, M.J. and Hall, A.J. 2006.
... Embedded in fresh manganiferous exhalites, early photosynthetic bacteria could further protect themselves from radiation by adsorbing manganese on the membrane. Organization of the manganese with calcium, within a membrane protein, happened to result in a CaMn3O4 cluster. In Mn(IV) mode this structu ...
... Embedded in fresh manganiferous exhalites, early photosynthetic bacteria could further protect themselves from radiation by adsorbing manganese on the membrane. Organization of the manganese with calcium, within a membrane protein, happened to result in a CaMn3O4 cluster. In Mn(IV) mode this structu ...
Biosc_48_Chapter_5_lecture
... a. Electron transport molecules pass the electrons down a chain, with each being reduced and then oxidized. b. This is an exergonic reaction, and the c. Energy produced is used to combine an ADP to a phosphate ion to make ATP. An oxygen molecule is the last electron acceptor in the chain this pr ...
... a. Electron transport molecules pass the electrons down a chain, with each being reduced and then oxidized. b. This is an exergonic reaction, and the c. Energy produced is used to combine an ADP to a phosphate ion to make ATP. An oxygen molecule is the last electron acceptor in the chain this pr ...
Document
... 2. Production of AcoA --> glycolysis & FAoxidation 3. Oxidation of AcoA to CO2 & H2O --> KC & ETC Cellular Energetics ...
... 2. Production of AcoA --> glycolysis & FAoxidation 3. Oxidation of AcoA to CO2 & H2O --> KC & ETC Cellular Energetics ...
Lecture_6_TCA_Cycle
... In liver – Epinephrin (adrenalin) activates α-adrenergic receptor to initiate the phosphatidylinositol pathway -> Increase in Ca2+ -> Phosphatase activated -> Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA increased In liver and adipose tissue – Insulin (in fed state) -> stimulates the phosphatase -> increases the conversi ...
... In liver – Epinephrin (adrenalin) activates α-adrenergic receptor to initiate the phosphatidylinositol pathway -> Increase in Ca2+ -> Phosphatase activated -> Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA increased In liver and adipose tissue – Insulin (in fed state) -> stimulates the phosphatase -> increases the conversi ...
5-Metabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides
... thymidine + ATP <——> TMP + ADP deoxyuridine + ATP <——> dUMP + ADP The activity of thymidine kinase (one of the various deoxyribonucleotide kinases) is unique in that it fluctuates with the cell cycle, rising to peak activity during the phase of DNA synthesis; it is inhibited by dTTP. ...
... thymidine + ATP <——> TMP + ADP deoxyuridine + ATP <——> dUMP + ADP The activity of thymidine kinase (one of the various deoxyribonucleotide kinases) is unique in that it fluctuates with the cell cycle, rising to peak activity during the phase of DNA synthesis; it is inhibited by dTTP. ...
10B-Oxidation and Ketone bodies
... 1- Esterification to CoA 2- Transestrification to Carnitine followed by transport. 3- Transestrification back to CoA. ...
... 1- Esterification to CoA 2- Transestrification to Carnitine followed by transport. 3- Transestrification back to CoA. ...
Gluconeogenesis
... After fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted into fructose-1-phosphate, phosphoglucose isomerase isomerizes it to glucose-6-phosphate. The final step of gluconeogenesis is the conversion of glucose-6phosphate to glucose. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is glucose-6-phosphatase. This is a mem ...
... After fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted into fructose-1-phosphate, phosphoglucose isomerase isomerizes it to glucose-6-phosphate. The final step of gluconeogenesis is the conversion of glucose-6phosphate to glucose. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is glucose-6-phosphatase. This is a mem ...
Chapter 14 Glycolysis and the catabolism of hexoses
... 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2ADP + 4 ATP + 2H2O for a net of Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi 6 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O Under aerobic conditions the 2 NADH are transferred to the mitochondria where the can be changed back to NAD+ and, in the process generates additional ATP via respirati ...
... 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2ADP + 4 ATP + 2H2O for a net of Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi 6 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O Under aerobic conditions the 2 NADH are transferred to the mitochondria where the can be changed back to NAD+ and, in the process generates additional ATP via respirati ...
Block 1 Unit #3
... 17. Describe the roles of glycerophosphate and malate shuttle systems a. These two shuttles transport hydrogens from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria b. They are important for regenerating NAD which is needed for glycolysis to continue i. Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle 1. FAD gives its H+s to CoEnzyme ...
... 17. Describe the roles of glycerophosphate and malate shuttle systems a. These two shuttles transport hydrogens from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria b. They are important for regenerating NAD which is needed for glycolysis to continue i. Glycerol Phosphate Shuttle 1. FAD gives its H+s to CoEnzyme ...
Document
... 12.4 Glycolysis—From Hydrolysis Products to Common Metabolites, Continued The Chemical Reactions in Glycolysis • Energy must be transferred in small amounts to minimize the heat released during the process of glycolysis. Reactions that produce energy are coupled with reactions that require energy. ...
... 12.4 Glycolysis—From Hydrolysis Products to Common Metabolites, Continued The Chemical Reactions in Glycolysis • Energy must be transferred in small amounts to minimize the heat released during the process of glycolysis. Reactions that produce energy are coupled with reactions that require energy. ...
chapt05_lecture
... E. ATP Balance Sheet 1. Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation in glycolysis and the citric acidcycle yields 4 ATP. a. These numbers are constant. 2. Oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport yields varying amounts of ATP, depending on the cell and conditions. a. Theoretically, each NADH yi ...
... E. ATP Balance Sheet 1. Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation in glycolysis and the citric acidcycle yields 4 ATP. a. These numbers are constant. 2. Oxidative phosphorylation in electron transport yields varying amounts of ATP, depending on the cell and conditions. a. Theoretically, each NADH yi ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... In Stage 1, the digestion of carbohydrates Begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller polysaccharides (dextrins), maltose, and some glucose. Continues in the small intestine where pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to maltose and glucose. Hydrolyzes m ...
... In Stage 1, the digestion of carbohydrates Begins in the mouth where salivary amylase breaks down polysaccharides to smaller polysaccharides (dextrins), maltose, and some glucose. Continues in the small intestine where pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes dextrins to maltose and glucose. Hydrolyzes m ...
The Biochemistry of C 4 Photosynthesis
... During the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis from C~ plants, the MC developed a high level of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and PEP carboxylase for initial CO2 fixation in the cytoplasm, and pyruvate, orthophosphate (Pi) dikinase in the chloroplasts for provision of PEP, the HCOg acceptor. It is equally imp ...
... During the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis from C~ plants, the MC developed a high level of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and PEP carboxylase for initial CO2 fixation in the cytoplasm, and pyruvate, orthophosphate (Pi) dikinase in the chloroplasts for provision of PEP, the HCOg acceptor. It is equally imp ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... • The hydrolytic enzyme binds the ATP and catalyzes the reaction. Two examples of hydrolytic enzymes within the muscle are: • The myosin head functions as a hydrolytic enzyme when it hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi. The energy released is used to prop the myosin cross bridge up into its high energy p ...
... • The hydrolytic enzyme binds the ATP and catalyzes the reaction. Two examples of hydrolytic enzymes within the muscle are: • The myosin head functions as a hydrolytic enzyme when it hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi. The energy released is used to prop the myosin cross bridge up into its high energy p ...
Muscle Metabolism - Interactive Physiology
... 17. (Page 12.) What happens if a muscle is deprived of oxygen for too long when it is physically active? 18. (Page 13.) What is the name of the oxygen binding protein within muscle? 19. (Page 14.) Where, within a muscle cell, will the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur? 20. (Page 14.) W ...
... 17. (Page 12.) What happens if a muscle is deprived of oxygen for too long when it is physically active? 18. (Page 13.) What is the name of the oxygen binding protein within muscle? 19. (Page 14.) Where, within a muscle cell, will the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur? 20. (Page 14.) W ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... The Glyoxylate Cycle • Pathway for the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in plants, bacteria and yeast (not animals) • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl C ...
... The Glyoxylate Cycle • Pathway for the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors in plants, bacteria and yeast (not animals) • Glyoxylate cycle leads from 2-carbon compounds to glucose • In animals, acetyl CoA is not a carbon source for the net formation of glucose (2 carbons of acetyl C ...
glucose-6-P - WordPress.com
... Hexokinase has a high affinity (low K m ) for glucose, and in the liver it is saturated under normal conditions, and so acts at a constant rate to provide glucose 6-phosphate to meet the cell's need. Liver cells also contain an isoenzyme of hexokinase, glucokinase, which has a Km very much higher t ...
... Hexokinase has a high affinity (low K m ) for glucose, and in the liver it is saturated under normal conditions, and so acts at a constant rate to provide glucose 6-phosphate to meet the cell's need. Liver cells also contain an isoenzyme of hexokinase, glucokinase, which has a Km very much higher t ...
acid
... using NADH as hydrogen donor is essential for the continuation of glycolysis in rapidly contracting skeletal muscle and erythrocytes because NADH can not be oxidized by respiratory chain O2 been reduced to NADH. By reducing pyruvate to lactate and oxidizing NADH to NAD, lactate dehydrogenase prevent ...
... using NADH as hydrogen donor is essential for the continuation of glycolysis in rapidly contracting skeletal muscle and erythrocytes because NADH can not be oxidized by respiratory chain O2 been reduced to NADH. By reducing pyruvate to lactate and oxidizing NADH to NAD, lactate dehydrogenase prevent ...
ID_4450_General principles of metaboli_English_sem_5
... Why snake venom causes the lysis of erythrocytes? Contains hemolytic toxins which directly destroy the erythrocytes membranes Contains lipase catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in the cellular membranes Contains cholesteryl esterase catalyzing the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in the c ...
... Why snake venom causes the lysis of erythrocytes? Contains hemolytic toxins which directly destroy the erythrocytes membranes Contains lipase catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in the cellular membranes Contains cholesteryl esterase catalyzing the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in the c ...
- Wiley Online Library
... oxidation in biological habitats (Fig. 1). Reduction of nitrite can be regarded as an assimilatory, respiratory or dissimilatory process [1]. Assimilatory nitrite reduction serves in the production of ammonia which is incorporated into cell material thus allowing growth with nitrate or nitrite as a ...
... oxidation in biological habitats (Fig. 1). Reduction of nitrite can be regarded as an assimilatory, respiratory or dissimilatory process [1]. Assimilatory nitrite reduction serves in the production of ammonia which is incorporated into cell material thus allowing growth with nitrate or nitrite as a ...
Physiology of the thermophilic acetogen Moorella - The Keep
... The standard redox potential of the CO2/acetate half-‐cell reaction approximates −290 mV, and the change in Gibbs free energy for the H2-‐dependent conversion of 2 CO2 to acetate (see reaction (1) above) ...
... The standard redox potential of the CO2/acetate half-‐cell reaction approximates −290 mV, and the change in Gibbs free energy for the H2-‐dependent conversion of 2 CO2 to acetate (see reaction (1) above) ...
The rotary mechanism of the ATP synthase Archives - iGRAD
... Like many transporters, the F0F1 ATP synthase (or F-type ATPase) has been a fascinating subject for the study of a complex membrane-associated process. The ATP synthase is a critically important activity that carries out synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi driven by a proton motive force, DlH+, or sodi ...
... Like many transporters, the F0F1 ATP synthase (or F-type ATPase) has been a fascinating subject for the study of a complex membrane-associated process. The ATP synthase is a critically important activity that carries out synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi driven by a proton motive force, DlH+, or sodi ...