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... NADH – Complex I – Q- Complex III-cytochrome C-Complex IV-O2 (4 pts) FADH2 – Complex II – Q- Complex III-cytochrome C-Complex IV-O2 (4 pts) v) The energy that is released during electron transport is stored as proton (hydrogen ion) gradient (1/2) across the inner membrane (1/2 pt) (complete the sent ...
Gluconeogensis
Gluconeogensis

... b. transfers CO2 to N forming molecule on the right c. Biotin is covalently bound to enzyme d. Enzyme also binds pyruvate & deprotonates it i. Adds CO2 to pyruvate resulting in oxaloacetate e. Process requires energy (ATP) f. Takes place in mitochondria!!! – very easy exam question i. Pyruvate Carbo ...
Russell, M.J. and Hall, A.J. 2006.
Russell, M.J. and Hall, A.J. 2006.

... Embedded in fresh manganiferous exhalites, early photosynthetic bacteria could further protect themselves from radiation by adsorbing manganese on the membrane. Organization of the manganese with calcium, within a membrane protein, happened to result in a CaMn3O4 cluster. In Mn(IV) mode this structu ...
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... a. Electron transport molecules pass the electrons down a chain, with each being reduced and then oxidized. b. This is an exergonic reaction, and the c. Energy produced is used to combine an ADP to a phosphate ion to make ATP.  An oxygen molecule is the last electron acceptor in the chain  this pr ...
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... 2. Production of AcoA --> glycolysis & FAoxidation 3. Oxidation of AcoA to CO2 & H2O --> KC & ETC Cellular Energetics ...
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... thymidine + ATP <——> TMP + ADP deoxyuridine + ATP <——> dUMP + ADP  The activity of thymidine kinase (one of the various deoxyribonucleotide kinases) is unique in that it fluctuates with the cell cycle, rising to peak activity during the phase of DNA synthesis; it is inhibited by dTTP. ...
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Chapter 14 Glycolysis and the catabolism of hexoses
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... 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2ADP + 4 ATP + 2H2O for a net of Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi 6 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O Under aerobic conditions the 2 NADH are transferred to the mitochondria where the can be changed back to NAD+ and, in the process generates additional ATP via respirati ...
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Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production

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... During the evolution of C 4 photosynthesis from C~ plants, the MC developed a high level of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and PEP carboxylase for initial CO2 fixation in the cytoplasm, and pyruvate, orthophosphate (Pi) dikinase in the chloroplasts for provision of PEP, the HCOg acceptor. It is equally imp ...
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... • The hydrolytic enzyme binds the ATP and catalyzes the reaction. Two examples of hydrolytic enzymes within the muscle are: • The myosin head functions as a hydrolytic enzyme when it hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi. The energy released is used to prop the myosin cross bridge up into its high energy p ...
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Muscle Metabolism - Interactive Physiology

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glucose-6-P - WordPress.com
glucose-6-P - WordPress.com

... Hexokinase has a high affinity (low K m ) for glucose, and in the liver it is saturated under normal conditions, and so acts at a constant rate to provide glucose 6-phosphate to meet the cell's need. Liver cells also contain an isoenzyme of hexokinase, glucokinase, which has a Km very much higher t ...
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... using NADH as hydrogen donor is essential for the continuation of glycolysis in rapidly contracting skeletal muscle and erythrocytes because NADH can not be oxidized by respiratory chain O2 been reduced to NADH. By reducing pyruvate to lactate and oxidizing NADH to NAD, lactate dehydrogenase prevent ...
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... Why snake venom causes the lysis of erythrocytes? Contains hemolytic toxins which directly destroy the erythrocytes membranes Contains lipase catalyzing the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in the cellular membranes Contains cholesteryl esterase catalyzing the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters in the c ...
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- Wiley Online Library

... oxidation in biological habitats (Fig. 1). Reduction of nitrite can be regarded as an assimilatory, respiratory or dissimilatory process [1]. Assimilatory nitrite reduction serves in the production of ammonia which is incorporated into cell material thus allowing growth with nitrate or nitrite as a ...
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Physiology of the thermophilic acetogen Moorella - The Keep

... The  standard  redox  potential  of  the  CO2/acetate  half-­‐cell  reaction  approximates   −290  mV,  and  the  change  in  Gibbs  free  energy  for  the  H2-­‐dependent  conversion  of  2   CO2  to  acetate  (see  reaction  (1)  above) ...
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... Like many transporters, the F0F1 ATP synthase (or F-type ATPase) has been a fascinating subject for the study of a complex membrane-associated process. The ATP synthase is a critically important activity that carries out synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi driven by a proton motive force, DlH+, or sodi ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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