OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTION
... BALANCING REDOX REACTIONS BY THE ION-ELECTRON METHOD Simply list the steps to balance a redox reaction in an acidic (or neutral) medium. Balancing redox reactions by the ion-electron method has 8 steps. ...
... BALANCING REDOX REACTIONS BY THE ION-ELECTRON METHOD Simply list the steps to balance a redox reaction in an acidic (or neutral) medium. Balancing redox reactions by the ion-electron method has 8 steps. ...
Advances in Environmental Biology
... Cyanobacteria are the microorganisms which exist in any places. Cyanobacteria are also known as bluegreen algae, blue-green bacteria. Thermophilic Cyanobacteria are interesting study organisms for basic as well as for applied research. Their ancestors are possibly the oldest primary producer organis ...
... Cyanobacteria are the microorganisms which exist in any places. Cyanobacteria are also known as bluegreen algae, blue-green bacteria. Thermophilic Cyanobacteria are interesting study organisms for basic as well as for applied research. Their ancestors are possibly the oldest primary producer organis ...
Archaea
... ▪ With the exception of methanogenesis, bioenergetics and intermediary metabolism of Archaea are similar to those found in Bacteria - Glucose metabolism : EMP or slightly modified Entner-Doudoroff pathway ...
... ▪ With the exception of methanogenesis, bioenergetics and intermediary metabolism of Archaea are similar to those found in Bacteria - Glucose metabolism : EMP or slightly modified Entner-Doudoroff pathway ...
The `Uniqueness` of Plant Mitochondria
... role. However, when antimycin A was added, it prevented the redox changes associated with cytochrome b without having any inhibitory effect on the cyanide-resistant oxidase (Bendall & Bonner, 1971). In recent years the most significant observation relating to the operation of the alternative oxidase ...
... role. However, when antimycin A was added, it prevented the redox changes associated with cytochrome b without having any inhibitory effect on the cyanide-resistant oxidase (Bendall & Bonner, 1971). In recent years the most significant observation relating to the operation of the alternative oxidase ...
Requires Rubisco
... At 5 x 10 -5 atm, CO2 fixation rate = photorespiration rate. However, plants living in hot climates need to conserve water, which requires them to use low CO2 concentration (water is used in rubisco reaction!) The disadvantage of C4 plants is extra ATP used and a more complex pathway http://methanog ...
... At 5 x 10 -5 atm, CO2 fixation rate = photorespiration rate. However, plants living in hot climates need to conserve water, which requires them to use low CO2 concentration (water is used in rubisco reaction!) The disadvantage of C4 plants is extra ATP used and a more complex pathway http://methanog ...
Trans-Tonoplast Transport of the Sulfur Containing
... Uptake of cysteine and methionine was measured by using the same uptake system. There was a significant capacity to transport methionine across the tonoplast (Table 2, cf. DIETZ & BUSCH 1990). Similar to the translocation of other amino acids, ATP stimulated the translocation even in the absence of ...
... Uptake of cysteine and methionine was measured by using the same uptake system. There was a significant capacity to transport methionine across the tonoplast (Table 2, cf. DIETZ & BUSCH 1990). Similar to the translocation of other amino acids, ATP stimulated the translocation even in the absence of ...
Ribosomes: Cashing in on crystals
... soak substrates into preformed crystals and determine their positions by calculating the difference in electron density between the bound and free ribosome crystals. The overall architecture of the 70S ribosome seen here is similar to that observed previously by cryo-electron microscopy. Furthermore ...
... soak substrates into preformed crystals and determine their positions by calculating the difference in electron density between the bound and free ribosome crystals. The overall architecture of the 70S ribosome seen here is similar to that observed previously by cryo-electron microscopy. Furthermore ...
Oxygen Radicals and Related Species
... once initiated or catalyzed, liberate a considerable amount of energy. In other words, reactions of molecular oxygen are favored by thermodynamics but not by kinetics. This is because O2 has two unpaired electrons in the ground state, which makes it a triplet molecule (Figure 1A). In contrast, most ...
... once initiated or catalyzed, liberate a considerable amount of energy. In other words, reactions of molecular oxygen are favored by thermodynamics but not by kinetics. This is because O2 has two unpaired electrons in the ground state, which makes it a triplet molecule (Figure 1A). In contrast, most ...
Document
... Cis-Aconitate has a double bond made from removing water. When water is removed at that location, water can then be added back in a different direction so that the hydroxyl group is added a different carbon atom. A hydrogen atom is also added to a different carbon. You have just reversed the ...
... Cis-Aconitate has a double bond made from removing water. When water is removed at that location, water can then be added back in a different direction so that the hydroxyl group is added a different carbon atom. A hydrogen atom is also added to a different carbon. You have just reversed the ...
HS-SCI-APB-Unit 2 -- Chapter 8- Introduction to
... height above the water. The young man diving is converting his potential energy to kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the water as he enters it. A small amount of energy is lost as heat due to friction. Now let's go back one step and consider the original source of the organic food molecul ...
... height above the water. The young man diving is converting his potential energy to kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the water as he enters it. A small amount of energy is lost as heat due to friction. Now let's go back one step and consider the original source of the organic food molecul ...
Acyl-CoA
... - Triglycerides (or triacylglycerols) are fatty acid esters (usually with different fatty acid R groups) of glycerol—see §1.4! - Triglycerides are largely stored in the adipose tissue where they function as “high-energy” reservoirs—due to being more reduced (carry more electrons, or more hydrogens!) ...
... - Triglycerides (or triacylglycerols) are fatty acid esters (usually with different fatty acid R groups) of glycerol—see §1.4! - Triglycerides are largely stored in the adipose tissue where they function as “high-energy” reservoirs—due to being more reduced (carry more electrons, or more hydrogens!) ...
2014
... Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to O2. The energy coupling occurs through a proton and charge gradient which drives FOF1-ATP synthase. In substrate level phosphorylation, the synthesis of ATP or GTP from ADP and GDP are ...
... Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as electrons are transferred from NADH or FADH2 to O2. The energy coupling occurs through a proton and charge gradient which drives FOF1-ATP synthase. In substrate level phosphorylation, the synthesis of ATP or GTP from ADP and GDP are ...
THE FLUORESCENCE DECAY KINETICS OF IN VIVO
... the fluorescence decay time, is important in these cases. If there are a number of distinct sites (e.g. open and closed traps) and the excitation is able to visit them all during its lifetime, then the decay will be exponential; the sample will be homogeneous on this time scale. Although it should b ...
... the fluorescence decay time, is important in these cases. If there are a number of distinct sites (e.g. open and closed traps) and the excitation is able to visit them all during its lifetime, then the decay will be exponential; the sample will be homogeneous on this time scale. Although it should b ...
Regulation of Glycolysis
... Because the principle function of glycolysis is to produce ATP, it must be regulated so that ATP is generated only when needed. The enzyme which controls the flux of metabolites through the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK-1). PFK-1 is an allosteric enzyme that occupies the key regulat ...
... Because the principle function of glycolysis is to produce ATP, it must be regulated so that ATP is generated only when needed. The enzyme which controls the flux of metabolites through the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK-1). PFK-1 is an allosteric enzyme that occupies the key regulat ...
Nucleotides
... • Energy transduction: ATP for muscle contraction and ion transport. • Control reactions: GDP GTP of G-proteins. • Control of metabolism: cAMP, ADP/ATP ratio, enzyme phosphorylation. • Constituents of other small molecules: NADH, FAD, CoA, etc. ...
... • Energy transduction: ATP for muscle contraction and ion transport. • Control reactions: GDP GTP of G-proteins. • Control of metabolism: cAMP, ADP/ATP ratio, enzyme phosphorylation. • Constituents of other small molecules: NADH, FAD, CoA, etc. ...
檔案下載
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase I (PDKI) : Associated with the transacetylase component (E2) In some tissue, the phosphatase is regulated by hormones (14.1) In liver, epinephrine binds to the adrenergic receptor initiate the phosphatidylinositol ...
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase I (PDKI) : Associated with the transacetylase component (E2) In some tissue, the phosphatase is regulated by hormones (14.1) In liver, epinephrine binds to the adrenergic receptor initiate the phosphatidylinositol ...
free energy
... Different energy-capturing processes use different types of electron acceptors. • An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. • It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. ...
... Different energy-capturing processes use different types of electron acceptors. • An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. • It is an oxidizing agent that, by virtue of its accepting electrons, is itself reduced in the process. ...
Anaerobic glycolysis
... Which of the following statements correctly describes an aspect of glycolysis? a. ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation b. Two molecules of ATP are used in the beginning of the pathway c. Pyruvate kinase is the rate-limiting enzyme d. One molecule of pyruvate and 3 olecules of CO2 are formed fr ...
... Which of the following statements correctly describes an aspect of glycolysis? a. ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation b. Two molecules of ATP are used in the beginning of the pathway c. Pyruvate kinase is the rate-limiting enzyme d. One molecule of pyruvate and 3 olecules of CO2 are formed fr ...
Ch. 22 Glycolysis • Explain how glucose is universal fuel, oxidized in
... • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic glycolysis reduces pyruvate to lactate, and recycles (wastes) NADH -> NAD+ ...
... • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic glycolysis reduces pyruvate to lactate, and recycles (wastes) NADH -> NAD+ ...
Lecture 24
... 1. Principle products are R5P and NADPH. 2. Transaldolase and transketolase convert excess R5P into glycolytic intermediates when NADPH needs are higher than the need for nucleotide biosynthesis. 3. GAP and F6P can be consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Can also be used for ...
... 1. Principle products are R5P and NADPH. 2. Transaldolase and transketolase convert excess R5P into glycolytic intermediates when NADPH needs are higher than the need for nucleotide biosynthesis. 3. GAP and F6P can be consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Can also be used for ...
Fatty Acid Metabolism - University of San Diego Home Pages
... The net yield in ATP currency is: 7 FADH - 14 ATP 8 Acyl-CoA 8 NADH = 72 ATP 7 NADH - 21 ATP 8 FADH = 16 ATP 8 GTP = 8 ATP with 100% efficiency - 131 ATP activation costs of 1 fatty acid - 2 ATP (?) total ATPs from palmitate 107 to 129 Biosynthesis of fatty acids This pathway occurs in the cytosol. ...
... The net yield in ATP currency is: 7 FADH - 14 ATP 8 Acyl-CoA 8 NADH = 72 ATP 7 NADH - 21 ATP 8 FADH = 16 ATP 8 GTP = 8 ATP with 100% efficiency - 131 ATP activation costs of 1 fatty acid - 2 ATP (?) total ATPs from palmitate 107 to 129 Biosynthesis of fatty acids This pathway occurs in the cytosol. ...
darkreactions
... 2-phosphoglycolate is the product of the oxygenation reaction 2-P-glycolate is decarboxylated: 2 2-P-glycolate CO2 + 3-P-glycerate +Pi The 3-P-glycerate can re-enter the Calvin cycle, but at the cost of some carbon This lossy pathway is known as ...
... 2-phosphoglycolate is the product of the oxygenation reaction 2-P-glycolate is decarboxylated: 2 2-P-glycolate CO2 + 3-P-glycerate +Pi The 3-P-glycerate can re-enter the Calvin cycle, but at the cost of some carbon This lossy pathway is known as ...
The energy equivalents of ATP and the energy values of food
... 1. Heats of combustion and energy equivalents of cytoplasmic ATP have been estimated for glucose, 101 food proteins and 116 food fats based on amino acid and fatty acid composition data from food composition tables and the heats of combustion and energy equivalents of cytoplasmic ATP of each individ ...
... 1. Heats of combustion and energy equivalents of cytoplasmic ATP have been estimated for glucose, 101 food proteins and 116 food fats based on amino acid and fatty acid composition data from food composition tables and the heats of combustion and energy equivalents of cytoplasmic ATP of each individ ...
Chlorophyll fluorimetry as a method for studying light absorption by
... The ratio F0 /Ca is also different in natural phytoplankton in the same water body. For example, deep-sea and shore stations in Nhatrang Bay (Fig. 3) and in the Baltic Sea (data not shown) differed significantly in their F0 dependence on chlorophyll a concentration. These results show that the light-ha ...
... The ratio F0 /Ca is also different in natural phytoplankton in the same water body. For example, deep-sea and shore stations in Nhatrang Bay (Fig. 3) and in the Baltic Sea (data not shown) differed significantly in their F0 dependence on chlorophyll a concentration. These results show that the light-ha ...