The Role of Spasticity in Functional Neurorehabilitation
... It is the greatest cause involved in the pathophysiology of spasticity after SCI and it has been confirmed in the bipedal human and quadruped animal, having been observed during at rest and functional tests [2]. Several experiments have shown that the muscle spasms indicate an increase in motoneural ...
... It is the greatest cause involved in the pathophysiology of spasticity after SCI and it has been confirmed in the bipedal human and quadruped animal, having been observed during at rest and functional tests [2]. Several experiments have shown that the muscle spasms indicate an increase in motoneural ...
15-5 Somatic Motor Pathways
... Carry sensations of fast pain, or prickling pain, such as that caused by an injection or a deep cut Sensations reach the CNS quickly and often trigger somatic reflexes Relayed to the primary sensory cortex and receive conscious attention ...
... Carry sensations of fast pain, or prickling pain, such as that caused by an injection or a deep cut Sensations reach the CNS quickly and often trigger somatic reflexes Relayed to the primary sensory cortex and receive conscious attention ...
Chemical Senses
... Recognition profiles for some odorants. Large dots indicate that the odorant causes a high firing rate for the receptor listed along the top; a small dot indicates a lower firing rate for the receptor. The structures of the compounds are shown on the right. ...
... Recognition profiles for some odorants. Large dots indicate that the odorant causes a high firing rate for the receptor listed along the top; a small dot indicates a lower firing rate for the receptor. The structures of the compounds are shown on the right. ...
PDF
... the auditory nerve, axons of type I1 cells are much thinner than those of type I cells (Kiang et al., '82; Ryugo et al., '86; Brown, '87). In gerbils and mice, the central axons in the vicinity of the cell body have approximately the same diameters for type I and type I1 neurons, but the axons of ty ...
... the auditory nerve, axons of type I1 cells are much thinner than those of type I cells (Kiang et al., '82; Ryugo et al., '86; Brown, '87). In gerbils and mice, the central axons in the vicinity of the cell body have approximately the same diameters for type I and type I1 neurons, but the axons of ty ...
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Gets Split: Why Does Cortisol
... dual control of glucocorticoid rhythms. A previous study by de la Iglesia et al. (20) showed that lateralization of SCN activity drives sided differences in neuroendocrine output. Split female hamsters show two LH surges, one preceding each bout of locomotion (9). To determine the hypothalamic basis ...
... dual control of glucocorticoid rhythms. A previous study by de la Iglesia et al. (20) showed that lateralization of SCN activity drives sided differences in neuroendocrine output. Split female hamsters show two LH surges, one preceding each bout of locomotion (9). To determine the hypothalamic basis ...
Nerve activates contraction
... The Reflex Arc •Five elements of a reflex: •Sensory receptor–reacts to a stimulus •Sensory neuron–carries message to the integration center •Integration center (CNS)–processes information and directs motor output •Motor neuron–carries message to an effector •Effector organ–is the muscle or gland to ...
... The Reflex Arc •Five elements of a reflex: •Sensory receptor–reacts to a stimulus •Sensory neuron–carries message to the integration center •Integration center (CNS)–processes information and directs motor output •Motor neuron–carries message to an effector •Effector organ–is the muscle or gland to ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... analysis. The extent of sympathetic denervation and reinnervation was determined in submandibular glands from 6-OHDA-treated and vehicle-treated animals on P2, P7, P14, and P2 1. Sections of submandibular glands from perfused rats were labeled with an antiserum directed against TH and the label visu ...
... analysis. The extent of sympathetic denervation and reinnervation was determined in submandibular glands from 6-OHDA-treated and vehicle-treated animals on P2, P7, P14, and P2 1. Sections of submandibular glands from perfused rats were labeled with an antiserum directed against TH and the label visu ...
ALGORITHMICS - Universitatea de Vest din Timisoara
... What is this course about ? Computational Intelligence “is a branch of the study of artificial intelligence; it aims to use learning, adaptive, or evolutionary algorithms to create programs that are, in some sense, intelligent. “ ...
... What is this course about ? Computational Intelligence “is a branch of the study of artificial intelligence; it aims to use learning, adaptive, or evolutionary algorithms to create programs that are, in some sense, intelligent. “ ...
Tolerance to Sound Intensity of Binaural
... groups were used for measurement of different sets of response properties. The number of neurons used for each set of experiments is mentioned in separate sections below. ...
... groups were used for measurement of different sets of response properties. The number of neurons used for each set of experiments is mentioned in separate sections below. ...
Behavioral Detectability of Single-Cell Stimulation in the Ventral
... In mammals, most sensory information passes through the thalamus before reaching cortex. In the rat whisker system, each macrovibrissa is represented by ⬃250 neurons in the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus and ⬃10,000 neurons in a cortical barrel column. Here we quantify the se ...
... In mammals, most sensory information passes through the thalamus before reaching cortex. In the rat whisker system, each macrovibrissa is represented by ⬃250 neurons in the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus and ⬃10,000 neurons in a cortical barrel column. Here we quantify the se ...
Spatial tuning of reaching activity in the medial parieto
... To further minimize the role of vision during reaching, the brightness of the LED was reduced so that it was barely visible during the task. Indeed, the experimenter could not see the monkey hand approaching the target, even in dark-adapted conditions. ...
... To further minimize the role of vision during reaching, the brightness of the LED was reduced so that it was barely visible during the task. Indeed, the experimenter could not see the monkey hand approaching the target, even in dark-adapted conditions. ...
Pain - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... “flare reaction”) that spreads some centimeters; area of hyperalgesia also widens beyond site of injury (secondary hyperalgesia). Aδ nociceptors - convey via Aδ fibers, respond mainly to mechanical stimulation. smaller, punctiform receptive field. higher thresholds than CPNs. Silent nociceptors, ...
... “flare reaction”) that spreads some centimeters; area of hyperalgesia also widens beyond site of injury (secondary hyperalgesia). Aδ nociceptors - convey via Aδ fibers, respond mainly to mechanical stimulation. smaller, punctiform receptive field. higher thresholds than CPNs. Silent nociceptors, ...
Spike train propagation in the axon of a visual interneuron,... Locusta migratoria
... energy consumption based on anatomical and physical data supports the idea that a comparatively small amount of energy is required to maintain the vegetative metabolism of a neuron. It also highlights the validity of the postulate that down-regulation of signaling is an adaptive response to conserve ...
... energy consumption based on anatomical and physical data supports the idea that a comparatively small amount of energy is required to maintain the vegetative metabolism of a neuron. It also highlights the validity of the postulate that down-regulation of signaling is an adaptive response to conserve ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... Figs. 16 and 17), even though their data are consistent with extensive overlap when all movements of all joints were considered. Studies in which muscle contraction was measured during cortical surface stimulation, instead of observing evoked movement, also were consistent with convergence and overl ...
... Figs. 16 and 17), even though their data are consistent with extensive overlap when all movements of all joints were considered. Studies in which muscle contraction was measured during cortical surface stimulation, instead of observing evoked movement, also were consistent with convergence and overl ...
The Basal Ganglia - The Brain from Top to Bottom
... These movements often resemble fragments of normal voluntary movements. There are 2 types of chorea, Sydenham's and Huntington's. ...
... These movements often resemble fragments of normal voluntary movements. There are 2 types of chorea, Sydenham's and Huntington's. ...
Calcium Influx and Protein Phosphorylation Mediate the Metabolic
... pharmacological blockade either of action potentials in the motor nerve (Fumagalli et al., 1990) or of neuromuscular transmission (Avila et al., 1989) results in reduction of t,,2to values as observed after denervation. Finally, at ectopic synapses that had been denervated during early stages of the ...
... pharmacological blockade either of action potentials in the motor nerve (Fumagalli et al., 1990) or of neuromuscular transmission (Avila et al., 1989) results in reduction of t,,2to values as observed after denervation. Finally, at ectopic synapses that had been denervated during early stages of the ...
Pain in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
... •Neuropathic hyperalgesia can be both primary and secondary •Primary hyperalgesia occurs directly at the site of injury •Secondary hyperalgesia involves undamaged nociceptive fibers near the injury site and is thought to involve central nervous system sensitization •Secondary hyperalgesia responds o ...
... •Neuropathic hyperalgesia can be both primary and secondary •Primary hyperalgesia occurs directly at the site of injury •Secondary hyperalgesia involves undamaged nociceptive fibers near the injury site and is thought to involve central nervous system sensitization •Secondary hyperalgesia responds o ...
(I2) in Aplysia
... elastomer (Sylgard)–lined plastic culture dishes (Fig. 1A). The I2 muscle was pinned along the edge that was originally attached to the I1/I3 muscle (the edge of the I2 muscle that was originally attached to the esophagus was left free). A plexiglass subchamber was gently placed around the I2 muscle ...
... elastomer (Sylgard)–lined plastic culture dishes (Fig. 1A). The I2 muscle was pinned along the edge that was originally attached to the I1/I3 muscle (the edge of the I2 muscle that was originally attached to the esophagus was left free). A plexiglass subchamber was gently placed around the I2 muscle ...
Pain Terminology and Pain Pathways
... Pain: "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage." International Association for the Study of Pain Nociception: The activity in neural pathways that transmits or processes information about noxious events ass ...
... Pain: "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage." International Association for the Study of Pain Nociception: The activity in neural pathways that transmits or processes information about noxious events ass ...
A Circuit for Detection of Interaural Time Differences in the Brain
... This both allowed measurement of spikes within the nucleus laminaris and obviated the difficulties of extracellular recordings in the nucleus laminaris. Action potentials from single neurons in the nucleus laminaris are masked by the overwhelming field potential termed the neurophonic (Sullivan and ...
... This both allowed measurement of spikes within the nucleus laminaris and obviated the difficulties of extracellular recordings in the nucleus laminaris. Action potentials from single neurons in the nucleus laminaris are masked by the overwhelming field potential termed the neurophonic (Sullivan and ...
Visual system
... Light passes through three fluid-filled cavities, or chambers, in the eye while passing from front to back. • The anterior chamber is the space between the cornea and the iris. It is continuous, via the pupil, with the posterior chamber, which is the area between the iris and the lens. • The anterio ...
... Light passes through three fluid-filled cavities, or chambers, in the eye while passing from front to back. • The anterior chamber is the space between the cornea and the iris. It is continuous, via the pupil, with the posterior chamber, which is the area between the iris and the lens. • The anterio ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... lateral movement of the left arm as if to block a threat. The movement is fast, reliable across trials, and can be evoked even when the animal is anesthetized. Chemical inhibition of this cortical region results in a temporary reduction of a normal defensive reaction such as to an air puff, and chem ...
... lateral movement of the left arm as if to block a threat. The movement is fast, reliable across trials, and can be evoked even when the animal is anesthetized. Chemical inhibition of this cortical region results in a temporary reduction of a normal defensive reaction such as to an air puff, and chem ...
Changes in the N1-P2 Complex after Speech
... there is tremendous potential for clinical application. The N1-P2 complex could be used to monitor neurophysiologic changes during speech-sound acquisition after cochlear implantation, hearing aid use, or any other form of auditory learning. More importantly, physiologic correlates of perception cou ...
... there is tremendous potential for clinical application. The N1-P2 complex could be used to monitor neurophysiologic changes during speech-sound acquisition after cochlear implantation, hearing aid use, or any other form of auditory learning. More importantly, physiologic correlates of perception cou ...
- Wiley Online Library
... discordance is the experimental approach used in some of these studies, which was mainly based on the lesion or injection of neuroanatomical tracers into the motor branches of the facial nerve and not directly into the different facial muscles. According to Hinrichsen & Watson (1984), this method mi ...
... discordance is the experimental approach used in some of these studies, which was mainly based on the lesion or injection of neuroanatomical tracers into the motor branches of the facial nerve and not directly into the different facial muscles. According to Hinrichsen & Watson (1984), this method mi ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.