Representing Spatial Information for Limb - Research
... they appear to be directionally tuned in the same manner as the neurons of Ml and PMd (Kalaska et al., 1983, 1990; Ferraina and Bianchi, 1994). The prevalence of static positional effects is higher in area 5 than in frontal areas (Georgopoulos et al., 1984). An important functional difference betwee ...
... they appear to be directionally tuned in the same manner as the neurons of Ml and PMd (Kalaska et al., 1983, 1990; Ferraina and Bianchi, 1994). The prevalence of static positional effects is higher in area 5 than in frontal areas (Georgopoulos et al., 1984). An important functional difference betwee ...
Giant Fibre Activation of Direct Flight Muscles in
... in amplitude had no effect on the voltage thresholds required to evoke muscle potentials and the latencies of the potentials. Thus, the amplitude changes do not alter the main conclusions presented in this report and no attempt was made to minimize muscle fibre contractions. Direct wing elevators ar ...
... in amplitude had no effect on the voltage thresholds required to evoke muscle potentials and the latencies of the potentials. Thus, the amplitude changes do not alter the main conclusions presented in this report and no attempt was made to minimize muscle fibre contractions. Direct wing elevators ar ...
In Vivo Evaluation of White Matter Integrity and Anterograde
... longitudinal, and multiparametric assessments of the visual system without depth limitation.20–25 Although there were existing MR reports assessing the effects of NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in developing and adult brain tissues,26,27 most of the neuropathy models employed did not differentiate clea ...
... longitudinal, and multiparametric assessments of the visual system without depth limitation.20–25 Although there were existing MR reports assessing the effects of NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in developing and adult brain tissues,26,27 most of the neuropathy models employed did not differentiate clea ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... weeks post-rhizotomy, the growth of a subpopulation of sensory axons across the DREZ was facilitated in Neurocan/Brevican-deficient, but not in control animals. This demonstrates for the first time that (i) Neurocan and/or Brevican contribute to the non-permissive environment of the DREZ several wee ...
... weeks post-rhizotomy, the growth of a subpopulation of sensory axons across the DREZ was facilitated in Neurocan/Brevican-deficient, but not in control animals. This demonstrates for the first time that (i) Neurocan and/or Brevican contribute to the non-permissive environment of the DREZ several wee ...
Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... oxytocin-resistant neurons were in close proximity to oxytocin-sensitive neurons but remained resistant to oxytocin actions. Thus, selective modulation of the NTS is achieved via variation in the oxytocin responsiveness of the second order NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-contai ...
... oxytocin-resistant neurons were in close proximity to oxytocin-sensitive neurons but remained resistant to oxytocin actions. Thus, selective modulation of the NTS is achieved via variation in the oxytocin responsiveness of the second order NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-contai ...
Reference frames for representing the location of visual and tactile
... often interspersed with cells with intermediate properties. For instance, most auditory RFs in the SC are intermediate between eye- and headcentered: that is, when the eyes move, the auditory RFs shift only partially with the eye9,10. This type of visual-auditory RF is also reported in the lateral i ...
... often interspersed with cells with intermediate properties. For instance, most auditory RFs in the SC are intermediate between eye- and headcentered: that is, when the eyes move, the auditory RFs shift only partially with the eye9,10. This type of visual-auditory RF is also reported in the lateral i ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The next peak in the autocorrelogram reveals the period of the oscillation (see Materials and Methods for details). (B) Power spect ...
... The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The next peak in the autocorrelogram reveals the period of the oscillation (see Materials and Methods for details). (B) Power spect ...
Patterning and axon guidance of cranial motor neurons
... nucleus (nucleus VII; BM and VM neurons) lies in r4 and r5, the glossopharyngeal nucleus (nucleus IX; BM and VM neurons) lies in r6 (in mice) or r6 and r7 (in chicks), and the vagus nucleus (nucleus X; BM and VM neurons) and cranial accessory nucleus (XI; BM neurons) occupy r7 and r8 (REF.10) (FIG. ...
... nucleus (nucleus VII; BM and VM neurons) lies in r4 and r5, the glossopharyngeal nucleus (nucleus IX; BM and VM neurons) lies in r6 (in mice) or r6 and r7 (in chicks), and the vagus nucleus (nucleus X; BM and VM neurons) and cranial accessory nucleus (XI; BM neurons) occupy r7 and r8 (REF.10) (FIG. ...
15-2 Sensory Receptors
... • Carry sensations of fast pain, or prickling pain, such as that caused by an injection or a deep cut • Sensations reach the CNS quickly and often trigger somatic reflexes • Relayed to the primary sensory cortex and receive conscious attention ...
... • Carry sensations of fast pain, or prickling pain, such as that caused by an injection or a deep cut • Sensations reach the CNS quickly and often trigger somatic reflexes • Relayed to the primary sensory cortex and receive conscious attention ...
PowerPoint
... • Hard blow to the back of the head may be fatal • Cranial nerve malfunctions on same side as injury; loss of sensation or paralysis of throat or tongue; irregularities in breathing and heart rhythm Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e ...
... • Hard blow to the back of the head may be fatal • Cranial nerve malfunctions on same side as injury; loss of sensation or paralysis of throat or tongue; irregularities in breathing and heart rhythm Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... physiological reaching pattern (pReP) from a control rat performing the reaching task and a physiological exploring pattern (pExP) from another rat in an open field (not reaching; see example segments Fig. 1C). The spike train segments were 10 and 5 min in duration for pReP and pExP, respectively, a ...
... physiological reaching pattern (pReP) from a control rat performing the reaching task and a physiological exploring pattern (pExP) from another rat in an open field (not reaching; see example segments Fig. 1C). The spike train segments were 10 and 5 min in duration for pReP and pExP, respectively, a ...
November - School of Computer Science and Statistics
... All the neurons of an organism, together with their supporting cells, constitute a nervous system. The estimates vary, but it is often reported that there are as many as 100 billion neurons in a human brain. Neurobiologist and neuroethologists have argued that intelligence is roughly proportional to ...
... All the neurons of an organism, together with their supporting cells, constitute a nervous system. The estimates vary, but it is often reported that there are as many as 100 billion neurons in a human brain. Neurobiologist and neuroethologists have argued that intelligence is roughly proportional to ...
The Nervous System
... •Tracts—bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS •Nerves—bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS •White matter—collections of myelinated fibers (tracts) •Gray matter—collections of mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies ...
... •Tracts—bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS •Nerves—bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS •White matter—collections of myelinated fibers (tracts) •Gray matter—collections of mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies ...
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... microstimulation (ICMS) has been added to the classical BMI paradigm to allow artificial sensory feedback signals7,8, generated by these brain-controlled actuators, to be delivered back to the subject’s brain simultaneously with the extraction of cortical motor commands9,10. In the present study, we ...
... microstimulation (ICMS) has been added to the classical BMI paradigm to allow artificial sensory feedback signals7,8, generated by these brain-controlled actuators, to be delivered back to the subject’s brain simultaneously with the extraction of cortical motor commands9,10. In the present study, we ...
pdf
... humans (19) and has been found to be associated with auditory attention (1, 20, 41) resulting in top-down modulation of auditory processing (25). This finding was further confirmed by electrophysiological data indicating that tinnitus might occur as the result of a dysfunction in the top-down inhibito ...
... humans (19) and has been found to be associated with auditory attention (1, 20, 41) resulting in top-down modulation of auditory processing (25). This finding was further confirmed by electrophysiological data indicating that tinnitus might occur as the result of a dysfunction in the top-down inhibito ...
increase in osmiophilia of axonal membranes of crayfish as a result
... membranes' dense strata in the axon surface, endoplasmic reticulum, and outer mitochondrial membranes . The electron opacity completely disappears if the sections are treated with hydrogen peroxide solutions . This suggests that the changes represent an increase in the membranes' reactivity for osmi ...
... membranes' dense strata in the axon surface, endoplasmic reticulum, and outer mitochondrial membranes . The electron opacity completely disappears if the sections are treated with hydrogen peroxide solutions . This suggests that the changes represent an increase in the membranes' reactivity for osmi ...
Developmental Support - Mother Baby University
... within the CNS where they differentiate & take on their unique functions • Neurons formed early in life lie deeper in cortex & neurons formed later lie in more superficial layers • Cortex generally has complete component of neurons by 33 weeks gestation ...
... within the CNS where they differentiate & take on their unique functions • Neurons formed early in life lie deeper in cortex & neurons formed later lie in more superficial layers • Cortex generally has complete component of neurons by 33 weeks gestation ...
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... shown that sympathetic hyperactivity in HF rats is associated with increased extracellular NE in the PVN [42,43]. NE plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of HF [44,45]. GABA is a well-known inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. A large body of evidence suggests that GABA plays an important ...
... shown that sympathetic hyperactivity in HF rats is associated with increased extracellular NE in the PVN [42,43]. NE plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of HF [44,45]. GABA is a well-known inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. A large body of evidence suggests that GABA plays an important ...
MultipleSclerosis
... • Myelin can be replaced by glial scar tissue • Without myelin, nerve impulses slow down • With destruction of axons, impulses are totally blocked • Results in permanent loss of nerve function ...
... • Myelin can be replaced by glial scar tissue • Without myelin, nerve impulses slow down • With destruction of axons, impulses are totally blocked • Results in permanent loss of nerve function ...
Central nervous system control of the laryngeal muscles in humans
... Most of the functions that involve the larynx require both intrinsic and extrinsic muscle control, although very little research has addressed how the effects of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles may interact to produce laryngeal movement. Honda et al. (1999) have shown that raising and lowering t ...
... Most of the functions that involve the larynx require both intrinsic and extrinsic muscle control, although very little research has addressed how the effects of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles may interact to produce laryngeal movement. Honda et al. (1999) have shown that raising and lowering t ...
Functions of the Nervous System
... Cerebrospinal fluid from a patient with meningitis. The bacteria are streptococci, found in pairs. Copy right © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Cerebrospinal fluid from a patient with meningitis. The bacteria are streptococci, found in pairs. Copy right © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... To effectuate coordination of somatomotor movements the cerebellum receives information from a variety of somatic sensory receptors and from higher centers as well. Afferents from visceral organs have been found to project on the cerebellum, converging on the same population of cerebellar neurons as ...
... To effectuate coordination of somatomotor movements the cerebellum receives information from a variety of somatic sensory receptors and from higher centers as well. Afferents from visceral organs have been found to project on the cerebellum, converging on the same population of cerebellar neurons as ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... program, and activity in DRI is both necessary and sufficient for sensory input to elicit the swim motor program. Tr1 is an excitatory interneuron that fires briefly in response to sensory input and then remains silent during the motor program. Tr1 excites DRI with an excitatory connection that has ...
... program, and activity in DRI is both necessary and sufficient for sensory input to elicit the swim motor program. Tr1 is an excitatory interneuron that fires briefly in response to sensory input and then remains silent during the motor program. Tr1 excites DRI with an excitatory connection that has ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.