Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... program, and activity in DRI is both necessary and sufficient for sensory input to elicit the swim motor program. Tr1 is an excitatory interneuron that fires briefly in response to sensory input and then remains silent during the motor program. Tr1 excites DRI with an excitatory connection that has ...
... program, and activity in DRI is both necessary and sufficient for sensory input to elicit the swim motor program. Tr1 is an excitatory interneuron that fires briefly in response to sensory input and then remains silent during the motor program. Tr1 excites DRI with an excitatory connection that has ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
Chapter 9- Nervous System Lecture 9.1
... A. Sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor fu ...
... A. Sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconscious decisions follow, leading to motor fu ...
Localization of Ca2+ Channel Subtypes on Rat Spinal Motor
... channels were localized to the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons residing in the ventral horn of the spinal cord (Fig. 1 D). The staining along the surface of motor neurons is both smooth and punctate in appearance (Fig. 1 E,F ), consistent with the presence of a1B in the cell surface of dendrite ...
... channels were localized to the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons residing in the ventral horn of the spinal cord (Fig. 1 D). The staining along the surface of motor neurons is both smooth and punctate in appearance (Fig. 1 E,F ), consistent with the presence of a1B in the cell surface of dendrite ...
Chronic_Neuropathic_Pain-Slides_Pierce-Smith
... Beverly Pearce-Smith, MD Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology UPMC-McKeesport Hospital ...
... Beverly Pearce-Smith, MD Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology UPMC-McKeesport Hospital ...
Chapter 9
... General Functions of the Nervous System A. Sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconsci ...
... General Functions of the Nervous System A. Sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. B. When sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions, this is the integrative function of the nervous system. C. Conscious or subconsci ...
Neuropathic Pain - Science Mission
... Management Beverly Pearce-Smith, MD Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology UPMC-McKeesport Hospital ...
... Management Beverly Pearce-Smith, MD Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesiology UPMC-McKeesport Hospital ...
the-senses-of-smell-and-taste
... INNER EAR • The inner ear is protected by the hardest bone in the body. • The cochlea is a bony tube that contains fluids as well as neurons that move in response to the vibrations of the fluids. • The movement generates neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve. • Wi ...
... INNER EAR • The inner ear is protected by the hardest bone in the body. • The cochlea is a bony tube that contains fluids as well as neurons that move in response to the vibrations of the fluids. • The movement generates neural impulses that are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve. • Wi ...
Microstimulation of Frontal Cortex Can Reorder a
... Materials and Methods). If stimulation affected discrimination, it would have changed the slope of the curve, as the ability to perform both sequences would be affected. Instead, stimulation caused animals to perform one sequence more often than the other, resulting in a bias. More important, while ...
... Materials and Methods). If stimulation affected discrimination, it would have changed the slope of the curve, as the ability to perform both sequences would be affected. Instead, stimulation caused animals to perform one sequence more often than the other, resulting in a bias. More important, while ...
Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... detected. There was, however, marked regional variations in the extent of this loss in different cortical areas. Cortical areas within the temporal lobe, particularly the temporal association areas, displayed a dramatic loss of cholinergic fibers. By contrast the anterior cingulate cortex, primary v ...
... detected. There was, however, marked regional variations in the extent of this loss in different cortical areas. Cortical areas within the temporal lobe, particularly the temporal association areas, displayed a dramatic loss of cholinergic fibers. By contrast the anterior cingulate cortex, primary v ...
Identified nerve cells and insect behavior
... several sensory systems and they occur across time scales ranging from milliseconds to hours. For example, far toward the visual periphery, the numbers of synapses between photoreceptors and optic interneurons, as well as the diameter of interneuron processes, have been reported to undergo daily flu ...
... several sensory systems and they occur across time scales ranging from milliseconds to hours. For example, far toward the visual periphery, the numbers of synapses between photoreceptors and optic interneurons, as well as the diameter of interneuron processes, have been reported to undergo daily flu ...
Figure 7.13a - Scranton Public School
... Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration This action requires ATP ...
... Potassium ions rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in, which repolarizes the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores the original configuration This action requires ATP ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... vesicles (p = 0.002), compared with adjacent unlabeled MFs (n = 21) (mitochondria: Mt, synaptic vesicle: SV, postsynaptic density: PSD) (*p < 0.05). The data show mean ± SE. ...
... vesicles (p = 0.002), compared with adjacent unlabeled MFs (n = 21) (mitochondria: Mt, synaptic vesicle: SV, postsynaptic density: PSD) (*p < 0.05). The data show mean ± SE. ...
Between-Task Competition and Cognitive Control in Task Switching
... when subjects are required to change task (Allport et al., 1994). Specifically, it has been proposed that subjects have a tendency to continue to perform the same task from one trial to the next, an effect termed “task-set inertia,” which results in poor performance when task requirements change (Al ...
... when subjects are required to change task (Allport et al., 1994). Specifically, it has been proposed that subjects have a tendency to continue to perform the same task from one trial to the next, an effect termed “task-set inertia,” which results in poor performance when task requirements change (Al ...
How Does the Brain Produce Movement?
... pick up objects, illustrated in Figure 10-5. In using the pincer grip, we hold an object between the thumb and index finger. This grip not only allows small objects to be picked up easily, but also allows whatever is held to be used with considerable skill. In contrast, in using the power grasp (Fig ...
... pick up objects, illustrated in Figure 10-5. In using the pincer grip, we hold an object between the thumb and index finger. This grip not only allows small objects to be picked up easily, but also allows whatever is held to be used with considerable skill. In contrast, in using the power grasp (Fig ...
Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
... and interneurons, with long axons projecting out of the cerebellar nuclei and short axons connecting only with neurons within the FN, respectively [1, 14]. Based on the transmitter phenotypes, glutamatergic, GABAergic as well as glycinergic neurons have been identified in the FN [1, 14, 15]. In addi ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Nervous_System_Brain
... Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission because the nerve impulse jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next. ...
... Increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission because the nerve impulse jumps from one Node of Ranvier to the next. ...
Decoding Complete Reach and Grasp Actions from Local Primary
... occurring during natural movements, which are much weaker than those observed during repetitive, stereotyped behaviors typically used in experimental settings. To relate motion of the entire upper limb to neural activity, we combined marker-based motion capture techniques capable of measuring 25 ind ...
... occurring during natural movements, which are much weaker than those observed during repetitive, stereotyped behaviors typically used in experimental settings. To relate motion of the entire upper limb to neural activity, we combined marker-based motion capture techniques capable of measuring 25 ind ...
Motor areas of the frontal lobe by Jarrod Blinch
... [email protected] “If our brains were simple enough for us to understand them, we'd be so simple that we couldn't.” ― Ian Stewart As a motor control researcher in cognitive psychology, I use a behavioural approach to study how humans produce movements. Specifically, I record the intricacie ...
... [email protected] “If our brains were simple enough for us to understand them, we'd be so simple that we couldn't.” ― Ian Stewart As a motor control researcher in cognitive psychology, I use a behavioural approach to study how humans produce movements. Specifically, I record the intricacie ...
Congruent Activity during Action and Action Observation in Motor
... sequentially appearing targets projected onto a horizontal screen at chest level. In contrast to most previous studies of action observation, the monkeys in this study observed their own, as opposed to a conspecific or human, movements. Our task also had no imposed planning or “hold” period, allowin ...
... sequentially appearing targets projected onto a horizontal screen at chest level. In contrast to most previous studies of action observation, the monkeys in this study observed their own, as opposed to a conspecific or human, movements. Our task also had no imposed planning or “hold” period, allowin ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
... food in a way that they were not able to reach and consume it, the density of Fosimmunoreactive (Fos-ir) neurons showed a moderate increase evenly in all parts of the DMH, without any specific intense labeling in the ventral subdivision of the nucleus. Here, the average number of Fos-ir neurons was ...
... food in a way that they were not able to reach and consume it, the density of Fosimmunoreactive (Fos-ir) neurons showed a moderate increase evenly in all parts of the DMH, without any specific intense labeling in the ventral subdivision of the nucleus. Here, the average number of Fos-ir neurons was ...
THE ELECTRODE-TISSUE INTERFACE DURING RECORDING
... thanks for your willingness to help and for sharing your wealth of knowledge in the area of microelectrode recording. Dr. Durand thanks for scaring me into working harder. Dr. Vitek thanks for helping a fellow mid-westerner and for sharing your lab. I wish you luck in Minnesota. There are two people ...
... thanks for your willingness to help and for sharing your wealth of knowledge in the area of microelectrode recording. Dr. Durand thanks for scaring me into working harder. Dr. Vitek thanks for helping a fellow mid-westerner and for sharing your lab. I wish you luck in Minnesota. There are two people ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... 3). In this case, a large injection was placed in the dorsal FAC zone, involving mainly the caudal prefrontal and partly the premotor cortices. A high concentration of reaction product was found on the dorsolateral surface of the caudal proreal gyrus (PR), the central precruciate area (XC) and a pa ...
... 3). In this case, a large injection was placed in the dorsal FAC zone, involving mainly the caudal prefrontal and partly the premotor cortices. A high concentration of reaction product was found on the dorsolateral surface of the caudal proreal gyrus (PR), the central precruciate area (XC) and a pa ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... research to treat mental disease by speaking the electrical language of neurons, usually known as interventional psychiatry. Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) [2], [3] is an example of this approach which has been reasonably successful in treating some neurological diseases including Parkinson’s. Nonethe ...
... research to treat mental disease by speaking the electrical language of neurons, usually known as interventional psychiatry. Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) [2], [3] is an example of this approach which has been reasonably successful in treating some neurological diseases including Parkinson’s. Nonethe ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.