Heterogeneous Integration of Bilateral Whisker Signals by Neurons
... columns can encode the activity of single whiskers. Similarly, Petersen et al. (2002) recently noted that the earliest evoked spike after an isolated punctate single-whisker stimulus contains most of the information about which the single whisker was stimulated. From this they concluded that later a ...
... columns can encode the activity of single whiskers. Similarly, Petersen et al. (2002) recently noted that the earliest evoked spike after an isolated punctate single-whisker stimulus contains most of the information about which the single whisker was stimulated. From this they concluded that later a ...
Neuronal Interaction Dynamics in Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... of sodium pentobarbital. Data acquisition. We recorded responses of single units in the foveal representation in area 17 of the left hemisphere. Stimuli were always presented to the contralateral eye. Recordings were performed simultaneously with two or three glass-coated platinum electrodes (resist ...
... of sodium pentobarbital. Data acquisition. We recorded responses of single units in the foveal representation in area 17 of the left hemisphere. Stimuli were always presented to the contralateral eye. Recordings were performed simultaneously with two or three glass-coated platinum electrodes (resist ...
Corticomuscular Contributions to the Control of Rhythmic Movement
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
... The inherent simplicity of human locomotion is deceiving in nature and its complexity becomes apparent when we observe children as they learn to walk or patients suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Human movement requires inputs from supraspinal and spinal centers as well as sensory afferent fee ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
How PACAP CeA Infusion Alters Mechanical and Thermal Sensitivity
... such damage (International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2011). Acute and chronic pain affects large numbers of individuals around the world, including the U.S. In 2011, over 1.5 billion people worldwide were burdened by chronic pain (Global Industry Analysts, Inc., 2011), including 100 ...
... such damage (International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2011). Acute and chronic pain affects large numbers of individuals around the world, including the U.S. In 2011, over 1.5 billion people worldwide were burdened by chronic pain (Global Industry Analysts, Inc., 2011), including 100 ...
Introduction 9 INTRODUCTION Circadian rhythms in physiology and
... vertebrate and invertebrate animal species. Moreover, the existence and mechanisms of coupling within the circadian timing systems of these species are compared. In the experiments described in chapters 2 through 6, the responses of different components of the system to several types of phase ...
... vertebrate and invertebrate animal species. Moreover, the existence and mechanisms of coupling within the circadian timing systems of these species are compared. In the experiments described in chapters 2 through 6, the responses of different components of the system to several types of phase ...
Responses of primate frontal cortex neurons during natural vocal
... single neuron activity during vocal production, but relatively weak sensory responses for vocalization processing during this natural behavior. Vocal-motor responses occurred both prior to and during call production and were typically coupled to the timing of each vocalization pulse. Despite the rel ...
... single neuron activity during vocal production, but relatively weak sensory responses for vocalization processing during this natural behavior. Vocal-motor responses occurred both prior to and during call production and were typically coupled to the timing of each vocalization pulse. Despite the rel ...
Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during
... represented as shown in Figure 2Ca (Shiba et al., 1999). ELMs hyperpolarized during the augmented phrenic discharge (inspiratory phase) and then depolarized strongly at the transition from the inspiratory to the expiratory phase (compressive phase). The membrane potential repolarized transiently aft ...
... represented as shown in Figure 2Ca (Shiba et al., 1999). ELMs hyperpolarized during the augmented phrenic discharge (inspiratory phase) and then depolarized strongly at the transition from the inspiratory to the expiratory phase (compressive phase). The membrane potential repolarized transiently aft ...
Neural Control - International Continence Society
... this work has been remodeled, reviewed, updated and extended; and the focus changed to reflect the altered title so that aspects of neural control of the bladder are the main emphasis. In addition there is increased emphasis on the study of the physiology and pathophysiology of humans. The focus of ...
... this work has been remodeled, reviewed, updated and extended; and the focus changed to reflect the altered title so that aspects of neural control of the bladder are the main emphasis. In addition there is increased emphasis on the study of the physiology and pathophysiology of humans. The focus of ...
Motor systems Basal ganglia
... Now that we know the major circuits in the basal ganglia, let’s take a look at some basic disorders and why they occur. Damage to the basal ganglia causes two different classes of syndromes, one characterized by an increase in movement (hyperkinetic) and the other characterized by decreased movement ...
... Now that we know the major circuits in the basal ganglia, let’s take a look at some basic disorders and why they occur. Damage to the basal ganglia causes two different classes of syndromes, one characterized by an increase in movement (hyperkinetic) and the other characterized by decreased movement ...
Pleiotrophin is a Neurotrophic Factor for Spinal Motor Neurons
... axons and denervation of Schwann cells distal to the site of injury. Denervated Schwann cells secrete a variety of growth factors and assume the role of ‘‘transient target’’ for regenerating axons (1, 2). Among these neurotrophic molecules are wellknown ones such as nerve growth factor and glial cel ...
... axons and denervation of Schwann cells distal to the site of injury. Denervated Schwann cells secrete a variety of growth factors and assume the role of ‘‘transient target’’ for regenerating axons (1, 2). Among these neurotrophic molecules are wellknown ones such as nerve growth factor and glial cel ...
Ontogeny of the Pain
... cause local hyperalgesia in children. Pain has been shown to evoke specific brain activity in the cerebral cortex starting at 24 weeks of gestation. Of special concern is that this time period includes several critical developmental stages and plasticity of certain nociceptive circuits can create lo ...
... cause local hyperalgesia in children. Pain has been shown to evoke specific brain activity in the cerebral cortex starting at 24 weeks of gestation. Of special concern is that this time period includes several critical developmental stages and plasticity of certain nociceptive circuits can create lo ...
The Big Picture File
... Relay information regarding: CO2 levels, stretch or pressure on organs/blood vessels ...
... Relay information regarding: CO2 levels, stretch or pressure on organs/blood vessels ...
Elastic Elements in the Media and Adventitia of Human
... THE ELASTIC MATERIAL in intracranial extracerebral arteries is almost all concentrated in the internal elastic layer, in contrast to the muscular arteries of other organs, whose media and adventitia contain abundant elastic fibers in an outer layer.1 The susceptibility of the cerebral arteries to in ...
... THE ELASTIC MATERIAL in intracranial extracerebral arteries is almost all concentrated in the internal elastic layer, in contrast to the muscular arteries of other organs, whose media and adventitia contain abundant elastic fibers in an outer layer.1 The susceptibility of the cerebral arteries to in ...
Differences in Control of Limb Dynamics During Dominant and
... additional internal forces that arise from within the musculoskeletal system. Internal forces include interaction forces imposed on a given limb segment by motion of the attached segments, and forces resulting from stretch and compression of noncontractile tissues. Environmental forces include those ...
... additional internal forces that arise from within the musculoskeletal system. Internal forces include interaction forces imposed on a given limb segment by motion of the attached segments, and forces resulting from stretch and compression of noncontractile tissues. Environmental forces include those ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... derive cognitive information about the size, shape, and color of the stimulus. These intrinsic properties allow us to recognize such stimuli as distinct objects, persons, or places. The dorsal stream – transmitted through the parietal lobe – forms the where pathway. It analyzes the extrinsic propert ...
... derive cognitive information about the size, shape, and color of the stimulus. These intrinsic properties allow us to recognize such stimuli as distinct objects, persons, or places. The dorsal stream – transmitted through the parietal lobe – forms the where pathway. It analyzes the extrinsic propert ...
Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma
... MG (MGv) and delineates the extent of their terminal arbors in the middle layers of primary auditory cortex (Robertson et al. 1991). In 15 juvenile rats, slices cut as described to maintain the thalamocortical pathway displayed distinct AChE-positive bands in auditory cortex (Fig. 1B) as well as den ...
... MG (MGv) and delineates the extent of their terminal arbors in the middle layers of primary auditory cortex (Robertson et al. 1991). In 15 juvenile rats, slices cut as described to maintain the thalamocortical pathway displayed distinct AChE-positive bands in auditory cortex (Fig. 1B) as well as den ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
... They increase the potential for survival and thus contribute to the individual fitness of an organism. Two modes of defence are commonly distinguished: primary defence mechanisms (avoiding detection or contact, e. g. by crypsis) and secondary defence mechanisms (defence elicited only after detection ...
Muscle networks: Connectivity analysis of EMG activity during postural control
... Here we assess the topology of functional connectivity between ten leg muscles during various postural control tasks. If neural synchrony is a mechanism involved in the formation of muscle synergies, we expect a specific pattern of widespread connectivity between muscles that needs to be coordinated ...
... Here we assess the topology of functional connectivity between ten leg muscles during various postural control tasks. If neural synchrony is a mechanism involved in the formation of muscle synergies, we expect a specific pattern of widespread connectivity between muscles that needs to be coordinated ...
Chadha_umd_0117E_15128 - DRUM
... portable fluid dispensing system. By changing the intensity, duration and direction, airflow sensitive receptive fields were characterized based on responses of S1 neurons. Results reveal that neuronal responses are rapidly adapting, encompassing relatively large and overlapping receptive fields wit ...
... portable fluid dispensing system. By changing the intensity, duration and direction, airflow sensitive receptive fields were characterized based on responses of S1 neurons. Results reveal that neuronal responses are rapidly adapting, encompassing relatively large and overlapping receptive fields wit ...
Neurobiology of Pain - Lewis Mehl
... from danger – associated emotional arousal, experienced as distress or fear, may also motivate a person to move away from a painful stimulus – Fear of pain can also prevent a person from moving, which in turn promotes healing of the injury resulting in that pain – pain may elicit an empathic, comfor ...
... from danger – associated emotional arousal, experienced as distress or fear, may also motivate a person to move away from a painful stimulus – Fear of pain can also prevent a person from moving, which in turn promotes healing of the injury resulting in that pain – pain may elicit an empathic, comfor ...
2010 Carl Ludwig Distinguished Lectureship of the APS Neural
... in order of increasing energy costs, include cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the heart, and shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. Mechanisms for heat defense include cutaneous vasodilation to facil ...
... in order of increasing energy costs, include cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the heart, and shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. Mechanisms for heat defense include cutaneous vasodilation to facil ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... methohexital at a rate of 10 to 15 mg/kg/hr. The animal’s tail was placed on a specially designed heater that could raise the skin temperature to a desired degree at a rate of 5Wsec. The LH was stimulated electrically or by injection of glutamic acid (200 mM, 0.1-l rl), and the influence of this sti ...
... methohexital at a rate of 10 to 15 mg/kg/hr. The animal’s tail was placed on a specially designed heater that could raise the skin temperature to a desired degree at a rate of 5Wsec. The LH was stimulated electrically or by injection of glutamic acid (200 mM, 0.1-l rl), and the influence of this sti ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... cortical information Plasticity of the corticostriatal synapse is often dependent on dopamine Brought about by a variety of mechanisms including LTP, LTD, changes in excitability, receptor ...
... cortical information Plasticity of the corticostriatal synapse is often dependent on dopamine Brought about by a variety of mechanisms including LTP, LTD, changes in excitability, receptor ...
Nerve Regeneration in C. elegans after femtosecond laser axotomy
... dendrite of a neuron that connects the cell body to the sensory ending. Next, we incubated the worm with red fluorescent DiI dye to test the dye uptake through dendrite following axotomy. The unoperated neuron was completely filled with DiI-red fluorescent dye. In the operated neuron, only the dista ...
... dendrite of a neuron that connects the cell body to the sensory ending. Next, we incubated the worm with red fluorescent DiI dye to test the dye uptake through dendrite following axotomy. The unoperated neuron was completely filled with DiI-red fluorescent dye. In the operated neuron, only the dista ...
Microneurography
Microneurography is a neurophysiological method employed by scientists to visualize and record the normal traffic of nerve impulses that are conducted in peripheral nerves of waking human subjects. The method has been successfully employed to reveal functional properties of a number of neural systems, e.g. sensory systems related to touch, pain, and muscle sense as well as sympathetic activity controlling the constriction state of blood vessels. To study nerve impulses of an identified neural system, a fine tungsten needle electrode is inserted into the nerve and connected to a high gain recording amplifier. The exact position of the electrode tip within the nerve is then adjusted in minute steps until the electrode discriminates impulses of the neural system of interest. A unique feature and a significant strength of the microneurography method is that subjects are fully awake and able to cooperate in tests requiring mental attention, while impulses in a representative nerve fibre or set of nerve fibres are recorded, e.g. when cutaneous sense organs are stimulated or subjects perform voluntary precision movements.