Crossmodal and action-specific: neuroimaging the human mirror
... the premotor cortex – a popular interpretation was (and is) that this occurs through a simulation or direct matching mechanism, where observing someone else activates the same motor circuits as when executing that action ‘from within’, through a ‘motor resonance’ process [5,6,11]. According to this ...
... the premotor cortex – a popular interpretation was (and is) that this occurs through a simulation or direct matching mechanism, where observing someone else activates the same motor circuits as when executing that action ‘from within’, through a ‘motor resonance’ process [5,6,11]. According to this ...
`What` and `where` in the human brain
... [24]. Within MST, many cells are selective for rotation or for the expansion/contraction of the image of any object moving in depth 125,261, and whereas such motion selectivity has also been reported for parietal neurons, these neurons demonstrate even more complex spatial properties 127,281. Thus, ...
... [24]. Within MST, many cells are selective for rotation or for the expansion/contraction of the image of any object moving in depth 125,261, and whereas such motion selectivity has also been reported for parietal neurons, these neurons demonstrate even more complex spatial properties 127,281. Thus, ...
Life and Death of Neurons in the Aging Brain
... contrasts are revealed most clearly in studies involving stereological techniques to estimate neuron number in key hippocampal and neocortical regions. These procedures have been recently reviewed in some detail (16). Perhaps the most important advantage is that these techniques allow one to obtain ...
... contrasts are revealed most clearly in studies involving stereological techniques to estimate neuron number in key hippocampal and neocortical regions. These procedures have been recently reviewed in some detail (16). Perhaps the most important advantage is that these techniques allow one to obtain ...
The Interacting Neuroendocrine Network in Stress
... Moreover, molecular studies have shown that that activation of the intracellular signaling pathway (e.g., cAMPPKA/PKC) and associated transcription factors (e.g., c-Fos, CREB) upon stimulation of NMDA receptor are significantly decreased during chronic stress and depressive disorders. Moreover, simi ...
... Moreover, molecular studies have shown that that activation of the intracellular signaling pathway (e.g., cAMPPKA/PKC) and associated transcription factors (e.g., c-Fos, CREB) upon stimulation of NMDA receptor are significantly decreased during chronic stress and depressive disorders. Moreover, simi ...
Development and function of human cerebral cortex neural networks
... development of dendritic spines in hPSC-derived cortical networks, individual neurons were labelled by infecting them with a GFPexpressing lentivirus. Young cortical neurons (day 40) contained many immature filopodial spines, thin protrusions from the dendrite that were ∼2-5 μm in length (Fig. 4D). ...
... development of dendritic spines in hPSC-derived cortical networks, individual neurons were labelled by infecting them with a GFPexpressing lentivirus. Young cortical neurons (day 40) contained many immature filopodial spines, thin protrusions from the dendrite that were ∼2-5 μm in length (Fig. 4D). ...
behavior?
... of each branch is an axon bulb, which (sending) neuron houses small storage pouches or synaptic vesicles. These vesicles contain neurotransmitters, the chemical Receptor sites messengers that carry signals across the synapse. A synapse is the juncPostsynaptic tion between two neurons where (receivin ...
... of each branch is an axon bulb, which (sending) neuron houses small storage pouches or synaptic vesicles. These vesicles contain neurotransmitters, the chemical Receptor sites messengers that carry signals across the synapse. A synapse is the juncPostsynaptic tion between two neurons where (receivin ...
Spindle-Like Thalamocortical Synchronization in a Rat Brain Slice
... thalamocortical firing originating in VB neurons excited by cortical output activity. In addition, orthodromic responses were recorded in VB and RTN following stimuli delivered in the cortex. Spontaneous and stimulus-induced coherent rhythmic oscillations (duration ⫽ 0.4 – 3.5 s; frequency ⫽ 9 –16 H ...
... thalamocortical firing originating in VB neurons excited by cortical output activity. In addition, orthodromic responses were recorded in VB and RTN following stimuli delivered in the cortex. Spontaneous and stimulus-induced coherent rhythmic oscillations (duration ⫽ 0.4 – 3.5 s; frequency ⫽ 9 –16 H ...
Basal Ganglia
... Goal-directed movement consists of: Intention of the next move (planning) Motor program selection (initiation and execution). BG is especially involved in determining what motor programs are selected and called into action. This occurs through BG regulation of VA thalamic projections to area 6 ( ...
... Goal-directed movement consists of: Intention of the next move (planning) Motor program selection (initiation and execution). BG is especially involved in determining what motor programs are selected and called into action. This occurs through BG regulation of VA thalamic projections to area 6 ( ...
Time Is Brain—Quantified
... first 2 weeks to 3 months poststroke. Unless fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is used to suppress CSF background, magnetic resonance T2-weighted images may overestimate lesion size because of partial volume averaging. Also, both T2-weighted and FLAIR sequences are vulnerable to the foggin ...
... first 2 weeks to 3 months poststroke. Unless fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is used to suppress CSF background, magnetic resonance T2-weighted images may overestimate lesion size because of partial volume averaging. Also, both T2-weighted and FLAIR sequences are vulnerable to the foggin ...
Brain stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating
... stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating bronchoconstrictive responses. J Appl Physiol 98: 1961–1982, 2005; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01340.2004.— This review summarizes recent work on two basic processes of central nervous system (CNS) control of cholinergic outflow to the airway ...
... stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating bronchoconstrictive responses. J Appl Physiol 98: 1961–1982, 2005; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01340.2004.— This review summarizes recent work on two basic processes of central nervous system (CNS) control of cholinergic outflow to the airway ...
Sequential Development of Electrical and Chemical Synaptic
... Neuronal circuits form during embryonic life, even before synapses are completely mature. Developmental changes can be quantitative (e.g., connections become stronger and more reliable) or qualitative (e.g., synapses form, are lost, or switch from electrical to chemical or from excitatory to inhibit ...
... Neuronal circuits form during embryonic life, even before synapses are completely mature. Developmental changes can be quantitative (e.g., connections become stronger and more reliable) or qualitative (e.g., synapses form, are lost, or switch from electrical to chemical or from excitatory to inhibit ...
Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurodegenerative Disorders Review of
... of motor neurons and non‐motor neurons are equally affected. Exposure to neurotoxins and other environmental factors. • PD, AD and ALS have each been associated with certain chemical and environmental exposures that are increasingly the subject of research, connecting chemical and environmental ...
... of motor neurons and non‐motor neurons are equally affected. Exposure to neurotoxins and other environmental factors. • PD, AD and ALS have each been associated with certain chemical and environmental exposures that are increasingly the subject of research, connecting chemical and environmental ...
Abnormal gray matter aging in chronic pain patients
... et al., 2004). Furthermore, a study of repetitive noxious stimulation (Teutsch et al., 2008) found that 20 minutes of painful heat stimulation over eight consecutive days resulted in structural GM increases within the S1, secondary somatosensory cortex and MCC. These data suggest that prolonged noci ...
... et al., 2004). Furthermore, a study of repetitive noxious stimulation (Teutsch et al., 2008) found that 20 minutes of painful heat stimulation over eight consecutive days resulted in structural GM increases within the S1, secondary somatosensory cortex and MCC. These data suggest that prolonged noci ...
“Attention for Action” and “Response Selection” in Primate Anterior
... Noninvasive imaging techniques showed that the anterior cingulate cortex is related to higher-order cognitive and motor-related functions in humans. To elucidate the cellular mechanism of such cingulate functions, single-unit activity was recorded from three cingulate motor areas of macaque monkeys ...
... Noninvasive imaging techniques showed that the anterior cingulate cortex is related to higher-order cognitive and motor-related functions in humans. To elucidate the cellular mechanism of such cingulate functions, single-unit activity was recorded from three cingulate motor areas of macaque monkeys ...
Natural Antioxidants May Prevent Posttraumatic Epilepsy: A
... Alzheimers diseases［8］. Concerning epileptic seizures, models used, methods forinducing convulsions, methods excitatory amino acid receptor activation byglutamate or of administration of NO synthase(NOS)inhibitors, and NmethylDaspartic acid (NMDA) has been known to the stage of seizures (preconvulsi ...
... Alzheimers diseases［8］. Concerning epileptic seizures, models used, methods forinducing convulsions, methods excitatory amino acid receptor activation byglutamate or of administration of NO synthase(NOS)inhibitors, and NmethylDaspartic acid (NMDA) has been known to the stage of seizures (preconvulsi ...
moth`s nervous system - Wageningen UR E
... associated with the MGC: the male-specific local and projection neurons. Stimulus quality. By means of intracellular recording and staining methods, we have examined the activity of AL neurons in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna with each of the sex-pheromone components aswell as p ...
... associated with the MGC: the male-specific local and projection neurons. Stimulus quality. By means of intracellular recording and staining methods, we have examined the activity of AL neurons in response to stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna with each of the sex-pheromone components aswell as p ...
Theroleofdendritesinauditory coincidence detection
... sounds1,2. Each neuron receives many narrow-band inputs from both ears and compares the time of arrival of the inputs with an accuracy of 10–100 ms (refs 3–6). Neurons that receive lowfrequency auditory inputs (up to about 2 kHz) have bipolar dendrites, and each dendrite receives inputs from only on ...
... sounds1,2. Each neuron receives many narrow-band inputs from both ears and compares the time of arrival of the inputs with an accuracy of 10–100 ms (refs 3–6). Neurons that receive lowfrequency auditory inputs (up to about 2 kHz) have bipolar dendrites, and each dendrite receives inputs from only on ...
Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and
... synaptically or not). Readers a, b, c ,and w may receive inputs from many neurons (1 to n) by way of synapses differing in strength but respond only to a combination of spiking neurons to which they are most strongly connected (e.g., reader a responds preferentially to cofiring of neurons 1, 5, and ...
... synaptically or not). Readers a, b, c ,and w may receive inputs from many neurons (1 to n) by way of synapses differing in strength but respond only to a combination of spiking neurons to which they are most strongly connected (e.g., reader a responds preferentially to cofiring of neurons 1, 5, and ...
Thyroid hormone exerts site-specific effects on SRC
... Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are ligand-gated transcription factors. Recently, many coregulator proteins have been identified that interact with steroid/TRs and are required for the activation or repression of hormone sensitive genes. We tested whether steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and n ...
... Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are ligand-gated transcription factors. Recently, many coregulator proteins have been identified that interact with steroid/TRs and are required for the activation or repression of hormone sensitive genes. We tested whether steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and n ...
Ontogeny, Compartmentation, and Turnover of Spectrin lsoforms in
... compartmentation comes from its ontogeny. Membrane-associated cuyspectrin is present at birth at its adult levels, but cytoplasmic a&spectrin is expressed only following the second postnatal week. Similarly, the 4-fold difference in cytoplasmic ay-spectrin content across brain regions develops durin ...
... compartmentation comes from its ontogeny. Membrane-associated cuyspectrin is present at birth at its adult levels, but cytoplasmic a&spectrin is expressed only following the second postnatal week. Similarly, the 4-fold difference in cytoplasmic ay-spectrin content across brain regions develops durin ...
Cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress
... exposure may be a result of a downregulation of GRs in several stress-sensitive brain regions. We compared the dynamic changes in plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels with alterations in GR and MR content in brain structures involved in mediating the stress response, including the PFC, hippocampus ...
... exposure may be a result of a downregulation of GRs in several stress-sensitive brain regions. We compared the dynamic changes in plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels with alterations in GR and MR content in brain structures involved in mediating the stress response, including the PFC, hippocampus ...
Full version (PDF file)
... based primarily on immunohistochemical characteristics (Zahm 1999). The NAc core is thought to translate limbic sensory information, including reward-related stimuli, the context-dependent cues, into motor output (Meredith et al. 2008), forming part of a network crucial for appetitive instrumental l ...
... based primarily on immunohistochemical characteristics (Zahm 1999). The NAc core is thought to translate limbic sensory information, including reward-related stimuli, the context-dependent cues, into motor output (Meredith et al. 2008), forming part of a network crucial for appetitive instrumental l ...
Fast and slow neurons in the nucleus of the
... LM neurons showing an independence of IR and ER was even higher (81%). In Fig. 2 the locations of the response maxima are shown ...
... LM neurons showing an independence of IR and ER was even higher (81%). In Fig. 2 the locations of the response maxima are shown ...
Posterior cingulate cortex: adapting behavior to a
... Recent studies have provided evidence that both humans and nonhuman animals often employ sophisticated, model-based assumptions when learning about their environments [7,11,15]. That is, agents first determine an appropriate set of constructs by which to model the world, and then update the paramete ...
... Recent studies have provided evidence that both humans and nonhuman animals often employ sophisticated, model-based assumptions when learning about their environments [7,11,15]. That is, agents first determine an appropriate set of constructs by which to model the world, and then update the paramete ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... agonist quinpirole elicits a novel afterdepolarization that generates voltage fluctuations and spiking for hundreds of milliseconds. Surprisingly, this afterdepolarization is masked in quiescent brain slices, but is readily unmasked by physiologic levels of synaptic input which activate NMDA recepto ...
... agonist quinpirole elicits a novel afterdepolarization that generates voltage fluctuations and spiking for hundreds of milliseconds. Surprisingly, this afterdepolarization is masked in quiescent brain slices, but is readily unmasked by physiologic levels of synaptic input which activate NMDA recepto ...