Preview Sample 1
... developed into a slightly more sophisticated machine resembling a switchboard; the new technology of the telephone provided a new metaphor. Inputs, patch cords, outputs, and busy signals (though no “call waiting”) dominated explanations of brain activity. This metaphor, however, faltered by viewing ...
... developed into a slightly more sophisticated machine resembling a switchboard; the new technology of the telephone provided a new metaphor. Inputs, patch cords, outputs, and busy signals (though no “call waiting”) dominated explanations of brain activity. This metaphor, however, faltered by viewing ...
The Primary Brain Vesicles Revisited: Are the Three
... (fig. 2b). The brain at this stage thus appears to be divided rostro-caudally into four portions, namely the prosencephalon, mesencephalon plus rostral rhombencephalon, r3, and caudal rhombencephalon [see fig. 1A of Kuratani and Horigome, 2000]. Therefore, the initial morphological subdivisions of t ...
... (fig. 2b). The brain at this stage thus appears to be divided rostro-caudally into four portions, namely the prosencephalon, mesencephalon plus rostral rhombencephalon, r3, and caudal rhombencephalon [see fig. 1A of Kuratani and Horigome, 2000]. Therefore, the initial morphological subdivisions of t ...
Crosstalk between 2 organelles: Lysosomal storage of heparan
... production of the protein. To answer this we studied catalytic activity, oligomeric structure and biogenesis of HGSNAT and its mutants.19,20 Our results showed that HGSNAT is synthesized as a catalytically inactive 78-kDa precursor transported to the lysosomes via an adaptor proteinmediated pathway ...
... production of the protein. To answer this we studied catalytic activity, oligomeric structure and biogenesis of HGSNAT and its mutants.19,20 Our results showed that HGSNAT is synthesized as a catalytically inactive 78-kDa precursor transported to the lysosomes via an adaptor proteinmediated pathway ...
Commentary: Saccadic eye movements
... the control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movements. The superficial layers of the SC contain neurons that receive direct retinal inputs as well as inputs from other visual areas (Robinson and McClurkin, 1989). These visual neurons are organized into a visual map of the contralateral visual he ...
... the control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movements. The superficial layers of the SC contain neurons that receive direct retinal inputs as well as inputs from other visual areas (Robinson and McClurkin, 1989). These visual neurons are organized into a visual map of the contralateral visual he ...
2. Organization of the Exam and Assessment Criteria
... science. Psychophysiology as a part of contemporary neuroscience. The role of psychophysiology in understanding fundamental mechanisms of the brain, psychical processes and behaviour. Applications of contemporary psychophysiology. The problem of correlation between psychical and physiological, the m ...
... science. Psychophysiology as a part of contemporary neuroscience. The role of psychophysiology in understanding fundamental mechanisms of the brain, psychical processes and behaviour. Applications of contemporary psychophysiology. The problem of correlation between psychical and physiological, the m ...
2. Organization of the Exam and Assessment Criteria
... science. Psychophysiology as a part of contemporary neuroscience. The role of psychophysiology in understanding fundamental mechanisms of the brain, psychical processes and behaviour. Applications of contemporary psychophysiology. The problem of correlation between psychical and physiological, the m ...
... science. Psychophysiology as a part of contemporary neuroscience. The role of psychophysiology in understanding fundamental mechanisms of the brain, psychical processes and behaviour. Applications of contemporary psychophysiology. The problem of correlation between psychical and physiological, the m ...
... of dopamine release, leading to different levels of pleasure from a meal. Typically, food that is high in sugars and fats are deemed more pleasurable, though this varies between people. Also as expected, the amount of dopamine released in the nucleus accumbens is reduced as a meal continues, meaning ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... (but see also O’Doherty (2014) for some caveats). Accordingly, value signals have been found in a range of brain regions, including the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and ventral and dorsal striatum, as well as in a number of other brain areas such as p ...
... (but see also O’Doherty (2014) for some caveats). Accordingly, value signals have been found in a range of brain regions, including the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and ventral and dorsal striatum, as well as in a number of other brain areas such as p ...
Preview Sample 2
... • Neurons are specialized cells that conduct impulses through the nervous system. • The cell body contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic, or life-sustaining, • functions of a neuron. • The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. ...
... • Neurons are specialized cells that conduct impulses through the nervous system. • The cell body contains the nucleus and carries out the metabolic, or life-sustaining, • functions of a neuron. • The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. ...
Gaze effects in the cerebral cortex: reference frames for
... reaching movement in space. The mechanism of the necessary coordinate transformation between the different frames of reference from the visual to the motor system as well as its localization within the cerebral cortex is still unclear. Coordinate transformation is traditionally described as a series ...
... reaching movement in space. The mechanism of the necessary coordinate transformation between the different frames of reference from the visual to the motor system as well as its localization within the cerebral cortex is still unclear. Coordinate transformation is traditionally described as a series ...
0474 ch 10(200-221).
... These activities form the basis of knowledge. The brain “stores” information, much of which can be recalled on demand by means of the phenomenon called memory. It is in the cerebral cortex that thought processes such as association, judgment, and discrimination take place. Conscious deliberation and ...
... These activities form the basis of knowledge. The brain “stores” information, much of which can be recalled on demand by means of the phenomenon called memory. It is in the cerebral cortex that thought processes such as association, judgment, and discrimination take place. Conscious deliberation and ...
Running Improves Pattern Separation during Novel Object
... spontaneous behavior, not emotionally biased by positive or negative reinforcement. Here we investigated the effect of voluntary running on pattern separation during novel object recognition in mice using relatively similar or substantially different objects.We show that running increases hippocampa ...
... spontaneous behavior, not emotionally biased by positive or negative reinforcement. Here we investigated the effect of voluntary running on pattern separation during novel object recognition in mice using relatively similar or substantially different objects.We show that running increases hippocampa ...
Nervous System Power Point
... What is a two-neuron arc? The simplest type of reflex arc consisting of only two types of neurons: sensory neurons and motor neurons. ...
... What is a two-neuron arc? The simplest type of reflex arc consisting of only two types of neurons: sensory neurons and motor neurons. ...
Comparative molecular neuroanatomy of mammalian neocortex
... that can adapt to a range of information processing (Douglas and Martin 2004; Bannister 2005). The current evidence indicates that different types of extrinsic and intrinsic neurons constitute each lamina (Lund et al. 1994; Molyneaux et al. 2007; Thomson and Lamy 2007; Leone et al. 2008). The homolo ...
... that can adapt to a range of information processing (Douglas and Martin 2004; Bannister 2005). The current evidence indicates that different types of extrinsic and intrinsic neurons constitute each lamina (Lund et al. 1994; Molyneaux et al. 2007; Thomson and Lamy 2007; Leone et al. 2008). The homolo ...
Field effects in the CNS play functional roles
... are well known to be theoretically feasible (Arvanitaki, 1942; Katz and Schmitt, 1942). However, they are most often treated as being of negligible magnitude and to be nonspecific. Indeed, a current generated across the membrane of one neuron will produce a field that decays with distance and may af ...
... are well known to be theoretically feasible (Arvanitaki, 1942; Katz and Schmitt, 1942). However, they are most often treated as being of negligible magnitude and to be nonspecific. Indeed, a current generated across the membrane of one neuron will produce a field that decays with distance and may af ...
Psychological and Neuroscientific Connections with Reinforcement
... The animal’s behavior is familiar to readers of this book as it describes well the behavior of a reinforcement learning (RL) agent engaged in a simple task. The basic problems the animal faces—and solves—in the puzzle box are those that an RL agent must solve: given no instruction and only a very co ...
... The animal’s behavior is familiar to readers of this book as it describes well the behavior of a reinforcement learning (RL) agent engaged in a simple task. The basic problems the animal faces—and solves—in the puzzle box are those that an RL agent must solve: given no instruction and only a very co ...
Integrated model of visual processing
... and 2D analysis of luminance borders. The next level is the 2 1 / 2 D sketch that encodes the position and orientation in depth of small surface elements in 3D and the final stage is the 3D representation that corresponds to the representation of objects in three dimensions. Thus, it is a model base ...
... and 2D analysis of luminance borders. The next level is the 2 1 / 2 D sketch that encodes the position and orientation in depth of small surface elements in 3D and the final stage is the 3D representation that corresponds to the representation of objects in three dimensions. Thus, it is a model base ...
Visuomotor neurons: ambiguity of the discharge or `motor` perception?
... The cortical motor system has been classically considered as the unitary, output stage of the brain processing of sensory information. According to this idea, the motor cortex } the acting brain } receives the result of the perceptual processing Žvisual, acoustical, tactile, etc.. elaborated by the ...
... The cortical motor system has been classically considered as the unitary, output stage of the brain processing of sensory information. According to this idea, the motor cortex } the acting brain } receives the result of the perceptual processing Žvisual, acoustical, tactile, etc.. elaborated by the ...
Are mesopontine cholinergic neurons either necessary or sufficient
... thalamic relay neurons sufficiently to bring them into the tonic mode of activity. Mesopontine cholinergic neurons fully satisfy this criteria, as they provide a massive innervation of the thalamus3-7 and synapse10 upon relay neurons. Not only is the anatomical connectivity of these neurons appropri ...
... thalamic relay neurons sufficiently to bring them into the tonic mode of activity. Mesopontine cholinergic neurons fully satisfy this criteria, as they provide a massive innervation of the thalamus3-7 and synapse10 upon relay neurons. Not only is the anatomical connectivity of these neurons appropri ...
ap psych 2012 unit 3a and 3b
... d. right hemisphere e. medulla ____ 19. The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the a. thresholds. b. dendrites. c. endocrine gland. d. myelin sheath. e. pituitary gland. ____ 20. Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in ...
... d. right hemisphere e. medulla ____ 19. The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the a. thresholds. b. dendrites. c. endocrine gland. d. myelin sheath. e. pituitary gland. ____ 20. Addictive drug cravings are likely to be associated with reward centers in ...
Pioneers of cortical plasticity: six classic papers by Wiesel and Hubel
... competition from the nondeprived eye in a small region of cortex and experimentally support the hypothesis that the atrophy in the LGN arose from competition between the eye-specific inputs in the cortex. On the basis of long-term dark rearing from birth in a variety of mammals, a number of early in ...
... competition from the nondeprived eye in a small region of cortex and experimentally support the hypothesis that the atrophy in the LGN arose from competition between the eye-specific inputs in the cortex. On the basis of long-term dark rearing from birth in a variety of mammals, a number of early in ...
The Biology
... discussion on how the different areas work to control voluntary and involuntary behaviours. The chapter also examines how the various parts of the nervous system operate together in emergency situations to produce lifesaving responses to danger. Next, the brain itself will be considered by examining ...
... discussion on how the different areas work to control voluntary and involuntary behaviours. The chapter also examines how the various parts of the nervous system operate together in emergency situations to produce lifesaving responses to danger. Next, the brain itself will be considered by examining ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ADULT MAMMALIAN SENSORY CORTEX
... Experience-dependent changes in synaptic composition and function (synaptic plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that ...
... Experience-dependent changes in synaptic composition and function (synaptic plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that ...
Chapter 3 - University of South Alabama
... different _______________. Sending neurons “classically” always release the same neurotransmitter. Receiving neurons may have synapses from different pathways employing different neurotransmitters. Over 100 neurotransmitters have been discovered in the brain, and it is likely that many new one ...
... different _______________. Sending neurons “classically” always release the same neurotransmitter. Receiving neurons may have synapses from different pathways employing different neurotransmitters. Over 100 neurotransmitters have been discovered in the brain, and it is likely that many new one ...
Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... appear to increase the salience of stimuli that activate more than one sense organ, making them easier to detect and localize. Because multisensory facilitation in SC neurons is observed only when each stimulus falls within its excitatory receptive field, the registration of the sensory maps would a ...
... appear to increase the salience of stimuli that activate more than one sense organ, making them easier to detect and localize. Because multisensory facilitation in SC neurons is observed only when each stimulus falls within its excitatory receptive field, the registration of the sensory maps would a ...