Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... that medullary late-I neurons which initiate IOS receive excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under condi ...
... that medullary late-I neurons which initiate IOS receive excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under condi ...
Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... appear to increase the salience of stimuli that activate more than one sense organ, making them easier to detect and localize. Because multisensory facilitation in SC neurons is observed only when each stimulus falls within its excitatory receptive field, the registration of the sensory maps would a ...
... appear to increase the salience of stimuli that activate more than one sense organ, making them easier to detect and localize. Because multisensory facilitation in SC neurons is observed only when each stimulus falls within its excitatory receptive field, the registration of the sensory maps would a ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ADULT MAMMALIAN SENSORY CORTEX
... Experience-dependent changes in synaptic composition and function (synaptic plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that ...
... Experience-dependent changes in synaptic composition and function (synaptic plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
Neural coding of behavioral relevance in parietal cortex
... same direction as the attended stimulus. Among extrastriate visual areas, feature-based attention was particularly strong in MT [41], a similar result to that of experiments described above in monkey MT [18]. If attention to a non-spatial attribute (such as direction) can ‘spread’ to an ignored stim ...
... same direction as the attended stimulus. Among extrastriate visual areas, feature-based attention was particularly strong in MT [41], a similar result to that of experiments described above in monkey MT [18]. If attention to a non-spatial attribute (such as direction) can ‘spread’ to an ignored stim ...
Effect of deep brain stimulation on substantia nigra neurons in a
... DBS is a surgical treatment method developed in the last decade, and is recognized as a new milestone for treatment of PD since the introduction of levodopa. Through continuous high-frequency stimulation regulating neural network function, DBS realigns the balance in basal ganglia motor circuits, wh ...
... DBS is a surgical treatment method developed in the last decade, and is recognized as a new milestone for treatment of PD since the introduction of levodopa. Through continuous high-frequency stimulation regulating neural network function, DBS realigns the balance in basal ganglia motor circuits, wh ...
Horvitz, J.C. Stimulus-response and response
... respond to the presentation of non-reward-related visual target stimuli (interspersed with reward-related target trials) approximately 40 ms prior to the onset of the DA inhibitory response to salient non-reward stimuli [83,92]. The rapid non-discriminating activation onset of the DA response may se ...
... respond to the presentation of non-reward-related visual target stimuli (interspersed with reward-related target trials) approximately 40 ms prior to the onset of the DA inhibitory response to salient non-reward stimuli [83,92]. The rapid non-discriminating activation onset of the DA response may se ...
CNS*2004 July 18-22, 2004 Baltimore, Maryland
... Baltimre’s Inner Harbor from Sunday, July 18th to Tuesday, July 20th. Workshops will take place in the hotel as well in smaller meeting rooms equipped with audio visual equipment from Thursday, July 22nd to Friday July 23rd. Maps of the Inner Harbor and surrounding areas are included on the followin ...
... Baltimre’s Inner Harbor from Sunday, July 18th to Tuesday, July 20th. Workshops will take place in the hotel as well in smaller meeting rooms equipped with audio visual equipment from Thursday, July 22nd to Friday July 23rd. Maps of the Inner Harbor and surrounding areas are included on the followin ...
Computational cognitive neuroscience: 10. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
... • The lateral PFC areas are interconnected with sensory and motor areas and play a role in controlling the processing in these areas. • The medial PFC areas are more strongly interconnected with subcortical brain areas associated with affective and motivational functions. • Functionally we can chara ...
... • The lateral PFC areas are interconnected with sensory and motor areas and play a role in controlling the processing in these areas. • The medial PFC areas are more strongly interconnected with subcortical brain areas associated with affective and motivational functions. • Functionally we can chara ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... are epileptogenic and excitotoxic to nerve cells both in vitro and in vivo (Whetsell, 1996). The release of these EAAs from the nerve terminals may be Ca2+ -dependent or -independent, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Extracellular K+ stimulates the EAA efflux from striatal neurons ( ...
... are epileptogenic and excitotoxic to nerve cells both in vitro and in vivo (Whetsell, 1996). The release of these EAAs from the nerve terminals may be Ca2+ -dependent or -independent, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Extracellular K+ stimulates the EAA efflux from striatal neurons ( ...
Neurons - Sonoma Valley High School
... – Sodium - Potassium pump creates these conditions. – Membrane is “polarized”. ...
... – Sodium - Potassium pump creates these conditions. – Membrane is “polarized”. ...
Discrete Modeling of Multi-Transmitter Neural Networks with Neuron
... (static) properties of nervous systems. The graph theory is an adequate language for their modeling. The remaining parameters characterize the functional (dynamic) properties. Novel approaches will be required for their description. To realize our goals, the existing discrete models need substantial ...
... (static) properties of nervous systems. The graph theory is an adequate language for their modeling. The remaining parameters characterize the functional (dynamic) properties. Novel approaches will be required for their description. To realize our goals, the existing discrete models need substantial ...
The Neuropsychology of Reading Disorders
... c) Fiber Tracts: 1. Projection Fibers - involved in subcortical connections from lower brain regions, such as thalamus, to the neocortex. 2. Association Fibers - consist of both long and short fiber bundles that connect cortical areas to one another. 3. Commissural Fibers - primarily function to con ...
... c) Fiber Tracts: 1. Projection Fibers - involved in subcortical connections from lower brain regions, such as thalamus, to the neocortex. 2. Association Fibers - consist of both long and short fiber bundles that connect cortical areas to one another. 3. Commissural Fibers - primarily function to con ...
Cortical mechanisms of sensory learning and object recognition
... images modified from Quiroga et al. (2005). ( g) A relatively unexplored means by which neurons could code for face or object category is in spike timing. In the locust olfactory system, repeated presentation of scent classes evokes fewer, but better-timed responses. (i)–(iii) Subsequent trials of a ...
... images modified from Quiroga et al. (2005). ( g) A relatively unexplored means by which neurons could code for face or object category is in spike timing. In the locust olfactory system, repeated presentation of scent classes evokes fewer, but better-timed responses. (i)–(iii) Subsequent trials of a ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... ing orexin exhibit sleep abnormalities similar to those observed in narcoleptics. These studies indicate that orexins may play an important role in the control of sleep and wakefulness. The cat has long been used by neurophysiologists, behaviorists, pharmacologists, and others to study the mechanis ...
... ing orexin exhibit sleep abnormalities similar to those observed in narcoleptics. These studies indicate that orexins may play an important role in the control of sleep and wakefulness. The cat has long been used by neurophysiologists, behaviorists, pharmacologists, and others to study the mechanis ...
TINS04
... are consistently associated with it: problems with reading, of course, but also problems with phonology (the mental representation and processing of speech sounds), sensory difficulties in the visual, auditory and tactile domains, problems with balance and motor control, and more[1,2]. Another puzzl ...
... are consistently associated with it: problems with reading, of course, but also problems with phonology (the mental representation and processing of speech sounds), sensory difficulties in the visual, auditory and tactile domains, problems with balance and motor control, and more[1,2]. Another puzzl ...
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
... This is because resistance to the flow of electrical current is inversely proportional to the crosssectional area of a conductor (such as a wire or an axon). o In invertebrates, the conduction speed varies from several centimeters per second in very narrow axons to about 30 m/sec in the giant axons ...
... This is because resistance to the flow of electrical current is inversely proportional to the crosssectional area of a conductor (such as a wire or an axon). o In invertebrates, the conduction speed varies from several centimeters per second in very narrow axons to about 30 m/sec in the giant axons ...
An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain
... the entry of 2.36 × 108 Na+ ions. The cell body also has to be depolarized by 100 mV; for a diameter, D ⳱ 25 m, the minimum charge influx is D2Cm⌬V ⳱ 1.96 × 10-12 Coulombs or 1.23 × 107 Na+. Finally, the dendrites (3 times the diameter but 1/9 the length of the axon (Braitenberg and Schüz, 1998)) ...
... the entry of 2.36 × 108 Na+ ions. The cell body also has to be depolarized by 100 mV; for a diameter, D ⳱ 25 m, the minimum charge influx is D2Cm⌬V ⳱ 1.96 × 10-12 Coulombs or 1.23 × 107 Na+. Finally, the dendrites (3 times the diameter but 1/9 the length of the axon (Braitenberg and Schüz, 1998)) ...
Brain Evolution Relevant to Language
... the primary visual cortex in the posterior occipital lobe (in the most posterior part of the brain) up into the adjacent parietal cortex, and is involved in processing visual information regarding the location and motion of an object. The ventral stream, which proceeds from the primary visual cortex ...
... the primary visual cortex in the posterior occipital lobe (in the most posterior part of the brain) up into the adjacent parietal cortex, and is involved in processing visual information regarding the location and motion of an object. The ventral stream, which proceeds from the primary visual cortex ...
Effects of excess vitamin B6 intake on cerebral cortex neurons in rat
... Experiments on excess of vitamin B6 have been inadequate up to now. Many studies dealing with administration of different daily doses of excess vitamin B6 have suggested that the excess of this vitamin affects the brain and serum concentrations of some amino acids and cortical serotonin receptors [3 ...
... Experiments on excess of vitamin B6 have been inadequate up to now. Many studies dealing with administration of different daily doses of excess vitamin B6 have suggested that the excess of this vitamin affects the brain and serum concentrations of some amino acids and cortical serotonin receptors [3 ...
Lecture Outline
... This is because resistance to the flow of electrical current is inversely proportional to the crosssectional area of a conductor (such as a wire or an axon). o In invertebrates, the conduction speed varies from several centimeters per second in very narrow axons to about 30 m/sec in the giant axons ...
... This is because resistance to the flow of electrical current is inversely proportional to the crosssectional area of a conductor (such as a wire or an axon). o In invertebrates, the conduction speed varies from several centimeters per second in very narrow axons to about 30 m/sec in the giant axons ...
Changes in Prefrontal Neuronal Activity after
... The prefrontal cortex is considered essential for learning to perform cognitive tasks though little is known about how the representation of stimulus properties is altered by learning. To address this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in monkeys before and after training on a task that required v ...
... The prefrontal cortex is considered essential for learning to perform cognitive tasks though little is known about how the representation of stimulus properties is altered by learning. To address this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in monkeys before and after training on a task that required v ...
Possible Links among Mirror Neurons and Genes
... A relation between autism and certain factors has been argued. Due to the development of the brain imaging study, neuroscience has been paid much attention. Moreover, the recent autism study is mainly based on genetics. The relations between autism and mirror neurons have been pointed out, but recen ...
... A relation between autism and certain factors has been argued. Due to the development of the brain imaging study, neuroscience has been paid much attention. Moreover, the recent autism study is mainly based on genetics. The relations between autism and mirror neurons have been pointed out, but recen ...
Some insights into computational models of (patho)physiological
... Proceedings of the IEEE, 94(4): 784- 804, 2006 the predictive value of the model. These novel features, in principle, can be tested experimentally. The confirmation of the model’s predictions increases confidence in its value, while their refutation implies that a revision of the model and/or new e ...
... Proceedings of the IEEE, 94(4): 784- 804, 2006 the predictive value of the model. These novel features, in principle, can be tested experimentally. The confirmation of the model’s predictions increases confidence in its value, while their refutation implies that a revision of the model and/or new e ...
Wiring optimization can relate neuronal structure and function
... changes by varying ␣ between 1 and 45. Because the choice of the quadratic form of the cost function may seem arbitrary, we also varied the power of wire length in the cost function, in Eqs. 2 and 3 between values of 1 and 4. As argued previously, the wiring cost is likely to scale supralinearly ( ...
... changes by varying ␣ between 1 and 45. Because the choice of the quadratic form of the cost function may seem arbitrary, we also varied the power of wire length in the cost function, in Eqs. 2 and 3 between values of 1 and 4. As argued previously, the wiring cost is likely to scale supralinearly ( ...