Dopamine
... DA release via an action on other local systems, such as those producing NO. NO is known to be released from striatal interneurons containing the enzyme NOS, and exert actions on neuronal elements in the vicinity of the release site. Infusion of NOS substrates or NO generator compounds was found to ...
... DA release via an action on other local systems, such as those producing NO. NO is known to be released from striatal interneurons containing the enzyme NOS, and exert actions on neuronal elements in the vicinity of the release site. Infusion of NOS substrates or NO generator compounds was found to ...
neuron number decreases in the rat ventral, but not dorsal, medial
... cell-poor lamina between PL layers III and V may be observed in sections from some animals, and near the border between PL and ACd this disappears. The border between ACd and PrCm (Fr2) is marked by a thin, cell poor band between VIa and VIb in PrCm; layers V and VI of the ACd do not contain sublaye ...
... cell-poor lamina between PL layers III and V may be observed in sections from some animals, and near the border between PL and ACd this disappears. The border between ACd and PrCm (Fr2) is marked by a thin, cell poor band between VIa and VIb in PrCm; layers V and VI of the ACd do not contain sublaye ...
Some Analogies Between Visual Cortical and Genetic Maps
... and cone receptor proteins in man. It appears on the basis of sequence homologies that the genes that produce the rod and cone receptor proteins are replicas of an ancient gene for a receptor protein. 31 The genes for the red and green receptor proteins are located adjacent to each other on the X ch ...
... and cone receptor proteins in man. It appears on the basis of sequence homologies that the genes that produce the rod and cone receptor proteins are replicas of an ancient gene for a receptor protein. 31 The genes for the red and green receptor proteins are located adjacent to each other on the X ch ...
Specific synapses develop preferentially among sister excitatory
... were excitatory neurons (Fig. 3d–g). Hence they served as adjacent nonsibling controls. Once all four recordings were established, action potentials were sequentially triggered in one of the four neurons and the postsynaptic responses were then measured in the other three neurons to probe synapses f ...
... were excitatory neurons (Fig. 3d–g). Hence they served as adjacent nonsibling controls. Once all four recordings were established, action potentials were sequentially triggered in one of the four neurons and the postsynaptic responses were then measured in the other three neurons to probe synapses f ...
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... Figure 3. Action-Contingent Olfactory Conditioning (A) Positions in a behavioral chamber (horizontal dimension) as a function of time (vertical dimension) of 20 Canton-S flies choosing between MCH (blue) and OCT (orange). The traces are sorted by untrained preference. During four 1 min training per ...
... Figure 3. Action-Contingent Olfactory Conditioning (A) Positions in a behavioral chamber (horizontal dimension) as a function of time (vertical dimension) of 20 Canton-S flies choosing between MCH (blue) and OCT (orange). The traces are sorted by untrained preference. During four 1 min training per ...
Neurochemistry of Dementias
... - D4 variants not linked to disease (except ADHD, 7x repeats) - D4 variants not associated with clinical response -defective gene ~2% population → low sensitivity to dopamine and clozapine ...
... - D4 variants not linked to disease (except ADHD, 7x repeats) - D4 variants not associated with clinical response -defective gene ~2% population → low sensitivity to dopamine and clozapine ...
Non-NMDA and NMDA receptors transmit area postrema input to
... Glutamate must be considered as a likely neurotransmitter in the AP-NTS-baroreceptor synaptic pathway, in large part because of its ubiquitous distribution at excitatory synapses throughout the CNS. A more specific neurotransmitter role for glutamate in the APNTS pathway is suggested by its localiza ...
... Glutamate must be considered as a likely neurotransmitter in the AP-NTS-baroreceptor synaptic pathway, in large part because of its ubiquitous distribution at excitatory synapses throughout the CNS. A more specific neurotransmitter role for glutamate in the APNTS pathway is suggested by its localiza ...
Cooperation and biased competition model can explain attentional
... same object are set in the range w w0 w. Activities between selective and nonselective pools are likely to be close to uncorrelated. We set w 1 for weights from selective to nonselective pools and wn for the corresponding feedback connections. Finally, all connections from and to the inhibito ...
... same object are set in the range w w0 w. Activities between selective and nonselective pools are likely to be close to uncorrelated. We set w 1 for weights from selective to nonselective pools and wn for the corresponding feedback connections. Finally, all connections from and to the inhibito ...
The concept of a reflex
... or not. In a reflex arc, a particular stimulus virtually always results in the same response. ...
... or not. In a reflex arc, a particular stimulus virtually always results in the same response. ...
Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala
... BDNF–TrkB signaling has been shown to be necessary for various aspects of fear conditioning and extinction in all three of the regions implicated in PTSD: the amygdala, the hippocampus and the PFC [61–73]. In the amygdala, BDNF transcription is increased during the consolidation period 2 hours after ...
... BDNF–TrkB signaling has been shown to be necessary for various aspects of fear conditioning and extinction in all three of the regions implicated in PTSD: the amygdala, the hippocampus and the PFC [61–73]. In the amygdala, BDNF transcription is increased during the consolidation period 2 hours after ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... input patterns. The nonlinearity we discuss in this paper is due to the NMDA channels. The state of these channels are controlled not only by the presence or absence of the agonist (e.g. glutamate), but also by the postsynaptic dendritic membrane potential. Hence, they play an important role in coin ...
... input patterns. The nonlinearity we discuss in this paper is due to the NMDA channels. The state of these channels are controlled not only by the presence or absence of the agonist (e.g. glutamate), but also by the postsynaptic dendritic membrane potential. Hence, they play an important role in coin ...
Some historical perspectives on thermoregulation
... (10) proposed a hierarchy of neural structures controlling body temperature involving the brain stem and spinal cord, with the preoptic area acting as the highest coordinating center. Evidence about the neurotransmitter substances used in hypothalamic and brain stem thermoregulatory synapses, partic ...
... (10) proposed a hierarchy of neural structures controlling body temperature involving the brain stem and spinal cord, with the preoptic area acting as the highest coordinating center. Evidence about the neurotransmitter substances used in hypothalamic and brain stem thermoregulatory synapses, partic ...
An Introduction to the Nervous System
... propagation of an action potential. • 12-6 Discuss the factors that affect the speed with which action potentials are propagated. ...
... propagation of an action potential. • 12-6 Discuss the factors that affect the speed with which action potentials are propagated. ...
Soltis Autism: a Spectrum of Research Abby Soltis Final Draft Senior
... GABAergic cells in the cerebellum appear early in embryonic development, but occur in only 20% of adult levels at birth. One possible explanation for decreased GAD is that the GABAergic system never fully develops (Yip et al., 2007). Another possible explanation is that olivocerebellar climbing fibe ...
... GABAergic cells in the cerebellum appear early in embryonic development, but occur in only 20% of adult levels at birth. One possible explanation for decreased GAD is that the GABAergic system never fully develops (Yip et al., 2007). Another possible explanation is that olivocerebellar climbing fibe ...
Differential Localization of G Protein βγ Subunits
... subcellular distribution of Gβγ isoforms will be of particular importance in determining which of the many possible combinations are likely to occur physiologically, what roles each may play in regulating signaling cascades, and their impact in disease. The majority of G protein β and γ subunits hav ...
... subcellular distribution of Gβγ isoforms will be of particular importance in determining which of the many possible combinations are likely to occur physiologically, what roles each may play in regulating signaling cascades, and their impact in disease. The majority of G protein β and γ subunits hav ...
Chapter 15 Viral Vector-Based Techniques for Optogenetic
... used and the brain region targeted. Generally, a relatively restricted expression pattern can be achieved by choosing the appropriate viral vector and injection volume. For example, AAV2 injection results in expression patterns that are more localized compared with the pseudotyped AAV2/5, AAV2/8, or ...
... used and the brain region targeted. Generally, a relatively restricted expression pattern can be achieved by choosing the appropriate viral vector and injection volume. For example, AAV2 injection results in expression patterns that are more localized compared with the pseudotyped AAV2/5, AAV2/8, or ...
The Neural Architecture Underlying Habit Learning: An Evolving
... diener. I explained that I wanted to take a brain to MIT to stain it. This began the period in which I would receive these contributions and take them in a carefully covered bucket back to MIT, only one subway stop away! I learned how to fix and handle the brains, and how to stain carefully cut sect ...
... diener. I explained that I wanted to take a brain to MIT to stain it. This began the period in which I would receive these contributions and take them in a carefully covered bucket back to MIT, only one subway stop away! I learned how to fix and handle the brains, and how to stain carefully cut sect ...
Orbital Frontal Cortex Slides
... Damage to the OFC Story of Elliot Elliot was diagnosed with a brain tumor and had it successfully removed. The surgery left him with bilateral damage to his OFC. Neuropsychologist ran test on Elliot but found no evidence of brain damage. - Tested intelligence, memory, reading and writing comprehens ...
... Damage to the OFC Story of Elliot Elliot was diagnosed with a brain tumor and had it successfully removed. The surgery left him with bilateral damage to his OFC. Neuropsychologist ran test on Elliot but found no evidence of brain damage. - Tested intelligence, memory, reading and writing comprehens ...
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... statistical properties of the synthetic spike trains conform to known physiological constraints, such as average strength and precision of correlation, and for this reason, we will refer to them as physiologically realistic inputs. We do not introduce a dependence of the strength of correlation on t ...
... statistical properties of the synthetic spike trains conform to known physiological constraints, such as average strength and precision of correlation, and for this reason, we will refer to them as physiologically realistic inputs. We do not introduce a dependence of the strength of correlation on t ...
Noradrenergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission May Influence Cortical Signal-to-Noise Ratio
... 4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)] and slow time courses [Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)]. Each feed-forward interneuron connects to 10 pyramidal cells. These synapses elicit synaptic potentials with both fast (20%) and slow (80%) time courses representing GABAA and GABAB receptors. Both time courses hav ...
... 4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)] and slow time courses [Nmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)]. Each feed-forward interneuron connects to 10 pyramidal cells. These synapses elicit synaptic potentials with both fast (20%) and slow (80%) time courses representing GABAA and GABAB receptors. Both time courses hav ...
Neonatal Ethanol Exposure Impairs Trace Fear Conditioning and
... in the encoding and consolidation of TFC. For instance, pretraining infusions of an NMDAR antagonist into either region impairs TFC, as evidenced by reduced freezing behavior during context and CS retention testing (Gilmartin and Helmstetter, 2010; Quinn et al., 2005). DuPont and colleagues (2014) a ...
... in the encoding and consolidation of TFC. For instance, pretraining infusions of an NMDAR antagonist into either region impairs TFC, as evidenced by reduced freezing behavior during context and CS retention testing (Gilmartin and Helmstetter, 2010; Quinn et al., 2005). DuPont and colleagues (2014) a ...
General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal
... a century, loss of the righting reflex (LORR) in animals has been used effectively as a surrogate measure. The data in FIG. 1 show that there is an excellent correlation between LOC in humans and LORR in animals over a range of potency exceeding five orders of magnitude. Similarly, there is an equal ...
... a century, loss of the righting reflex (LORR) in animals has been used effectively as a surrogate measure. The data in FIG. 1 show that there is an excellent correlation between LOC in humans and LORR in animals over a range of potency exceeding five orders of magnitude. Similarly, there is an equal ...
Neuropeptide-Mediated Facilitation and Inhibition of Sensory Inputs
... the adjacent ventral root after current injection into the soma. An Axoclamp 2A amplifier was used for amplification and in discontinuous current-clamp mode for current injection. To quantify the effects of neuromodulators on ventral root responses, ventral root activity was analyzed off-line with p ...
... the adjacent ventral root after current injection into the soma. An Axoclamp 2A amplifier was used for amplification and in discontinuous current-clamp mode for current injection. To quantify the effects of neuromodulators on ventral root responses, ventral root activity was analyzed off-line with p ...
Evidence of a Specific Spinal Pathway for the Sense of Warmth in
... Iannetti, G.D., A. Truini, A. Romaniello, F. Galeotti, C. Rizzo, M. Manfredi, and G. Cruccu. Evidence of a specific spinal pathway for the sense of warmth in humans. J Neurophysiol 89: 562–570, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00393.2002. While research on human sensory processing shows that warm input is conveyed ...
... Iannetti, G.D., A. Truini, A. Romaniello, F. Galeotti, C. Rizzo, M. Manfredi, and G. Cruccu. Evidence of a specific spinal pathway for the sense of warmth in humans. J Neurophysiol 89: 562–570, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00393.2002. While research on human sensory processing shows that warm input is conveyed ...
Evidence of a Specific Spinal Pathway for the
... Iannetti, G.D., A. Truini, A. Romaniello, F. Galeotti, C. Rizzo, M. Manfredi, and G. Cruccu. Evidence of a specific spinal pathway for the sense of warmth in humans. J Neurophysiol 89: 562–570, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00393.2002. While research on human sensory processing shows that warm input is conveyed ...
... Iannetti, G.D., A. Truini, A. Romaniello, F. Galeotti, C. Rizzo, M. Manfredi, and G. Cruccu. Evidence of a specific spinal pathway for the sense of warmth in humans. J Neurophysiol 89: 562–570, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00393.2002. While research on human sensory processing shows that warm input is conveyed ...