Differential effects of 10-Hz and 40
... cuing tasks—one to assess endogenous attention and one to assess exogenous attention. Experimental sessions were conducted in an electrically-shielded, sound-attenuated booth, and stimuli were presented on a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor positioned 75 cm from the participant, using Presentation sof ...
... cuing tasks—one to assess endogenous attention and one to assess exogenous attention. Experimental sessions were conducted in an electrically-shielded, sound-attenuated booth, and stimuli were presented on a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor positioned 75 cm from the participant, using Presentation sof ...
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... others) delineated an anti-correlated system-level organization of the human brain [4,14–16], illustrating that large-scale distributed networks exhibit negatively correlated signal over time (see Glossary). These rs-fcMRI investigations identified functional networks with striking correspondence to ...
... others) delineated an anti-correlated system-level organization of the human brain [4,14–16], illustrating that large-scale distributed networks exhibit negatively correlated signal over time (see Glossary). These rs-fcMRI investigations identified functional networks with striking correspondence to ...
Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... function of spinal and supraspinal neural networks with specific types of behaviors. Our current understanding of how motor circuits are assembled derives from classical studies on development and neuroanatomy in experimentally accessible systems such as chick embryos (Bekoff 2001, Landmesser 2001), ...
... function of spinal and supraspinal neural networks with specific types of behaviors. Our current understanding of how motor circuits are assembled derives from classical studies on development and neuroanatomy in experimentally accessible systems such as chick embryos (Bekoff 2001, Landmesser 2001), ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... inputs within the core. Although dendrites respect the shellcore and patch-matrix boundaries, recurrent axon collaterals may cross these boundaries. Finally, different degrees of overlap between dendritic and axonal arborizations of individual MSN were identified, suggesting various possibilities of ...
... inputs within the core. Although dendrites respect the shellcore and patch-matrix boundaries, recurrent axon collaterals may cross these boundaries. Finally, different degrees of overlap between dendritic and axonal arborizations of individual MSN were identified, suggesting various possibilities of ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... discrimination, action selection, outcome assessment and working memory. Positive reinforcement likely requires changes in synaptic strength between neurons that result in a neural representation of the association between the outcome and the context, cue and action. It is these associations that ar ...
... discrimination, action selection, outcome assessment and working memory. Positive reinforcement likely requires changes in synaptic strength between neurons that result in a neural representation of the association between the outcome and the context, cue and action. It is these associations that ar ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (HFS-STN) is an effective treatment for alleviating the motor symptoms of parkinsonian patients. However, the neurochemical basis of its effects remains unknown. We showed previously that 1 h of HFS-STN in normal rats increases extracellular glut ...
... High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (HFS-STN) is an effective treatment for alleviating the motor symptoms of parkinsonian patients. However, the neurochemical basis of its effects remains unknown. We showed previously that 1 h of HFS-STN in normal rats increases extracellular glut ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ...
... Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA ...
Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the
... were prepared for chronic recording of eye position and single-neuron activity in VIP. A single surgery was induced with Zoletil 20 (6 mg/kg) and atropine (0.25 mg) and maintained under isoflurane anesthesia (2.5%). A search coil was implanted subconjunctivally to measure eye position (Judge et al., ...
... were prepared for chronic recording of eye position and single-neuron activity in VIP. A single surgery was induced with Zoletil 20 (6 mg/kg) and atropine (0.25 mg) and maintained under isoflurane anesthesia (2.5%). A search coil was implanted subconjunctivally to measure eye position (Judge et al., ...
Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... of neurons. Mapping this cellular organization is important in understanding the molecular basis of specific brain functions, such as learning and memory. A variety of techniques have been developed to resolve the neuronal networking at the single cell level. In particular, examining the entire morp ...
... of neurons. Mapping this cellular organization is important in understanding the molecular basis of specific brain functions, such as learning and memory. A variety of techniques have been developed to resolve the neuronal networking at the single cell level. In particular, examining the entire morp ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... encoded in spike frequency and pattern of the inhibitory SNr projection neurons. SNr output intensity and pattern are often abnormal in movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. In Parkinson’s disease, histamine innervation and histamine H3 receptor expression in SNr may be increased. However, the ...
... encoded in spike frequency and pattern of the inhibitory SNr projection neurons. SNr output intensity and pattern are often abnormal in movement disorders of basal ganglia origin. In Parkinson’s disease, histamine innervation and histamine H3 receptor expression in SNr may be increased. However, the ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
... explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a ‘mirror neuron system’. Second, it is consistent with evidence indicating that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, spec ...
JERZY KONORSKI`S THEORY OF CONDITIONED
... canditioning the conditioned r e s p m e differs as a rule from the response evaked by an unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus rather signals the possibility of getting food, or of avoiding a painful1 stimulus. Food, or other appetitive unconditioned stimulus, in irustrumental conditioni ...
... canditioning the conditioned r e s p m e differs as a rule from the response evaked by an unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus rather signals the possibility of getting food, or of avoiding a painful1 stimulus. Food, or other appetitive unconditioned stimulus, in irustrumental conditioni ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
... somatosensory, visual and auditory areas. In this Review, we focus on the mirror properties of the circuit formed in the monkey by parietal areas PFG and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP), and frontal area F5. Recently it was shown that two other areas of the parietal lobe also have mirror neuro ...
Sensorimotor cortical influences on cuneate nucleus
... (bursting and tonic) are recognized to serve two basic functions: the bursting mode implies a functional disconnection from the outside world, since it is produced through intrinsic neuronal membrane properties which do not reflect the attributes of the sensory signals; the tonic or transfer mode al ...
... (bursting and tonic) are recognized to serve two basic functions: the bursting mode implies a functional disconnection from the outside world, since it is produced through intrinsic neuronal membrane properties which do not reflect the attributes of the sensory signals; the tonic or transfer mode al ...
During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force Tasks
... Nevertheless, many other M1 neurons were strongly directionally tuned for movement direction but were relatively insensitive to the presence and direction of external loads, indicating that the response properties of M1 neurons and their contributions to performance of the task were not homogeneous ...
... Nevertheless, many other M1 neurons were strongly directionally tuned for movement direction but were relatively insensitive to the presence and direction of external loads, indicating that the response properties of M1 neurons and their contributions to performance of the task were not homogeneous ...
Ping-An Li, Ashfaq Shuaib, Hiro Miyashita, Qing
... tional histopathological evaluation of brain damage. In hyperglycemic animals, however, survival was severely restricted. Thus, when 6 animals in a pilot study were allowed to wake up after the ischemia, all developed seizures during the first 1 to 3 hours and subsequently died in status epilepticus ...
... tional histopathological evaluation of brain damage. In hyperglycemic animals, however, survival was severely restricted. Thus, when 6 animals in a pilot study were allowed to wake up after the ischemia, all developed seizures during the first 1 to 3 hours and subsequently died in status epilepticus ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... connected in a specific pattern, thus forming several parieto-frontal circuits. These circuits work in parallel and transform different aspects of sensory information into appropriate motor commands. The aim of this review is to give a concise overview of the anatomical and functional organization o ...
... connected in a specific pattern, thus forming several parieto-frontal circuits. These circuits work in parallel and transform different aspects of sensory information into appropriate motor commands. The aim of this review is to give a concise overview of the anatomical and functional organization o ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... that have been imprinted in the brain during the course of motor learning processes (motor memory). In daily life, once a movement has been initiated, the execution of most of our willed, intentional movements occurs virtually automatically. Intentional movements are in essence initiated by the cere ...
... that have been imprinted in the brain during the course of motor learning processes (motor memory). In daily life, once a movement has been initiated, the execution of most of our willed, intentional movements occurs virtually automatically. Intentional movements are in essence initiated by the cere ...
A Weighted and Directed Interareal Connectivity
... (NFP), especially with areas outside the classical visual system. Here, we apply similar sampling procedures and statistical methods in an analysis of connectivity profiles for 29 cortical areas, thereby providing a quantitative connectivity database of unprecedented scope and detail. Previous studie ...
... (NFP), especially with areas outside the classical visual system. Here, we apply similar sampling procedures and statistical methods in an analysis of connectivity profiles for 29 cortical areas, thereby providing a quantitative connectivity database of unprecedented scope and detail. Previous studie ...
computational modeling of observational learning - FORTH-ICS
... our ability to learn during observation. Motor mental images include a representation of the body of the demonstrator, rather than just the consequences of its actions (Jeannerod, 1994), indicating that perception is embodied and modal. For this reason, motor imagery has bee ...
... our ability to learn during observation. Motor mental images include a representation of the body of the demonstrator, rather than just the consequences of its actions (Jeannerod, 1994), indicating that perception is embodied and modal. For this reason, motor imagery has bee ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrop ...
... pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrop ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... oculomotor nucleus(AON), and the AON is accessiblefor surgical removal in the embryo prior to the time of synapseformation in the ganglion (Martin and Pilar, 1963a,b;Cowan and Wenger, 1968; Narayanan and Narayanan, 1976; Landmesser and Pilar, 1978; Furber et al., 1987). Normally, innervation beginsa ...
... oculomotor nucleus(AON), and the AON is accessiblefor surgical removal in the embryo prior to the time of synapseformation in the ganglion (Martin and Pilar, 1963a,b;Cowan and Wenger, 1968; Narayanan and Narayanan, 1976; Landmesser and Pilar, 1978; Furber et al., 1987). Normally, innervation beginsa ...
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... shown in the lower panel. In the spinal cord (SC), one branch of the afferents enters the ascending dorsal column pathway to terminate in the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus (violet line). The other branch terminates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal hor ...
... shown in the lower panel. In the spinal cord (SC), one branch of the afferents enters the ascending dorsal column pathway to terminate in the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus (violet line). The other branch terminates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal hor ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)reveal a system of periodically organized intrinsic connections in primate striate cortex. In layers 2 and 3 these connections form a reticular or latticelike pattern, extending for about 1.5-2.0 mm around an injection. This connectional lattic ...
... Intracortical injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)reveal a system of periodically organized intrinsic connections in primate striate cortex. In layers 2 and 3 these connections form a reticular or latticelike pattern, extending for about 1.5-2.0 mm around an injection. This connectional lattic ...