Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before and the day after TSOI injection (see Fig. 2C). First, we smoothed the ...
... absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before and the day after TSOI injection (see Fig. 2C). First, we smoothed the ...
PDF
... distribution of these scores was less shifted than in shams (Fig. 3f versus Fig. 3i; Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) and did not differ from zero (Fig. 3i; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P = 0.12). There was no significant inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward an ...
... distribution of these scores was less shifted than in shams (Fig. 3f versus Fig. 3i; Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) and did not differ from zero (Fig. 3i; Wilcoxon signed-rank test, P = 0.12). There was no significant inverse correlation between changes in firing in response to unexpected reward an ...
Autism: A Review of Biological Bases, Assessment, and
... the presynaptic end of a tether between two cells during synapse development (Graf, Zhang, Jin, Linhoff, & Craig, 2005). SHANK3 is a scaffolding protein that assists in dendrite growth and positioning within excitatory synapses (Roussignol et al., 2005). Disruptions in the formation or transportatio ...
... the presynaptic end of a tether between two cells during synapse development (Graf, Zhang, Jin, Linhoff, & Craig, 2005). SHANK3 is a scaffolding protein that assists in dendrite growth and positioning within excitatory synapses (Roussignol et al., 2005). Disruptions in the formation or transportatio ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... detrimental effects on the host (9). The febrile rise in body temperature could exert beneficial effects for the host by enhancing immune cell activities (138) and making the internal thermal environment out of the temperature range optimal for pathogen growth (90). Increase in body temperature simi ...
... detrimental effects on the host (9). The febrile rise in body temperature could exert beneficial effects for the host by enhancing immune cell activities (138) and making the internal thermal environment out of the temperature range optimal for pathogen growth (90). Increase in body temperature simi ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... neuronally synthesized RA in motor neuron maintenance and survival. These findings suggest that during embryogenesis, mesodermal and neuronal retinoids act coordinately to establish and maintain appropriate cohorts of spinal motor neurons that innervate target muscles in the limb. © 2006 Elsevier In ...
... neuronally synthesized RA in motor neuron maintenance and survival. These findings suggest that during embryogenesis, mesodermal and neuronal retinoids act coordinately to establish and maintain appropriate cohorts of spinal motor neurons that innervate target muscles in the limb. © 2006 Elsevier In ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... detrimental effects on the host (9). The febrile rise in body temperature could exert beneficial effects for the host by enhancing immune cell activities (138) and making the internal thermal environment out of the temperature range optimal for pathogen growth (90). Increase in body temperature simi ...
... detrimental effects on the host (9). The febrile rise in body temperature could exert beneficial effects for the host by enhancing immune cell activities (138) and making the internal thermal environment out of the temperature range optimal for pathogen growth (90). Increase in body temperature simi ...
mastering-the-world-of-psychology-4th-edition-wood
... 24) Which of the following would occur if the dendrites were no longer able to do their job? A) No new information would ever reach the cell body. Incorrect. Receptor sites are present on cell bodies, so some information would still be taken in. B) No changes in the processing of neural information ...
... 24) Which of the following would occur if the dendrites were no longer able to do their job? A) No new information would ever reach the cell body. Incorrect. Receptor sites are present on cell bodies, so some information would still be taken in. B) No changes in the processing of neural information ...
Foundation and practice of neurofeedback for the treatment of epilepsy
... a different and highly significant area of investigation. Findings in the study of synaptic mechanisms mediating experience-based neuronal reorganization, and thus learning, provide an appealing theoretical basis for a potentially unique consequence of SMR training (Sterman, 2005). Many studies have ...
... a different and highly significant area of investigation. Findings in the study of synaptic mechanisms mediating experience-based neuronal reorganization, and thus learning, provide an appealing theoretical basis for a potentially unique consequence of SMR training (Sterman, 2005). Many studies have ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
... such as amblyopia, blindness and visual hallucinations. Prominent methods currently used to investigate the function of visual cortex are often correlational and include neuroimaging, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and electrophysiological techniques, such as single cell neuro ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
... Figure 1. Angled, parahorizontal brain slices containing the AVPV projection to GnRH neurons. A, Drawing showing the angle control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perime ...
On real-world temporal pattern recognition using Liquid State
... over time. Whether it’s growth, development or just plain physics, we’re surrounded with change. Nature equipped us very well to deal with it. We’re brilliant at detecting and coping with these changes, even as they do occur over completely different time scales. Trees and crop grow, people grow old ...
... over time. Whether it’s growth, development or just plain physics, we’re surrounded with change. Nature equipped us very well to deal with it. We’re brilliant at detecting and coping with these changes, even as they do occur over completely different time scales. Trees and crop grow, people grow old ...
Andrea Kádár
... Understanding the mechanism of the melanocortin-resistance of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons during refeeding AGRP- and α-MSH-IR innervation of TRH neurons A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons wa ...
... Understanding the mechanism of the melanocortin-resistance of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons during refeeding AGRP- and α-MSH-IR innervation of TRH neurons A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons wa ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... same sections. Several hundred neurons were thus examined in each area. These areas were the caudate putamen, nucleus basalis of Meynert, medial septum, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (vertical and horizontal limbs), and zona incerta. In the caudate putamen and nucleus basalis magnocellularis ...
... same sections. Several hundred neurons were thus examined in each area. These areas were the caudate putamen, nucleus basalis of Meynert, medial septum, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca (vertical and horizontal limbs), and zona incerta. In the caudate putamen and nucleus basalis magnocellularis ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... we hope to quantify synaptic changes during development at the EM level, we began by ...
... we hope to quantify synaptic changes during development at the EM level, we began by ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... by dividing the value of maximum change with the control value: (response value - control value) / (control value) × 100 %. The control value of nerve activity was derived by averaging the integrated nerve activities for a period of 30 s before stimulation. The largest deviation from the control lev ...
... by dividing the value of maximum change with the control value: (response value - control value) / (control value) × 100 %. The control value of nerve activity was derived by averaging the integrated nerve activities for a period of 30 s before stimulation. The largest deviation from the control lev ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
... We used glass microelectrodes filled with 3.8 M NaCl and bevelled to tip diameters of 1.5–2.0 µm and resistances of 1.5–2.0 M. Only perisomatic extracellular recordings were retained for the study. We identified them by triphasic spikes with a negative main component that could be monitored over a d ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
... Fig. 3. Cortical structure as the basis of laminar patterns of cortical connections and their relationship to two neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons in the cortex. The structural model for connections is depicted for the prefrontal cortex but applies to other cortical regions as well. (A–C ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... TNF-α production and activity increase are likely to be similar across this range of diseases, and many of the cellular responses to TNF-α that produce neurotoxicity, will be discussed in the next section. TNF-α is intimately involved in the CNS immune response to any neural injury, infection, or da ...
... TNF-α production and activity increase are likely to be similar across this range of diseases, and many of the cellular responses to TNF-α that produce neurotoxicity, will be discussed in the next section. TNF-α is intimately involved in the CNS immune response to any neural injury, infection, or da ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... receptors play a critical, but not exclusive, role in regulating the excitatory STN influence on basal ganglia outputs. ...
... receptors play a critical, but not exclusive, role in regulating the excitatory STN influence on basal ganglia outputs. ...
Sample
... 2-40. Sally stepped on a nail while she was demolishing an old shed. Imagine that we are able to trace all of the nervous system activity that occurs when she stepped on the nail. What would this image of the nervous system reveal? a) The pain message reaches the brain and the spinal cord at the sam ...
... 2-40. Sally stepped on a nail while she was demolishing an old shed. Imagine that we are able to trace all of the nervous system activity that occurs when she stepped on the nail. What would this image of the nervous system reveal? a) The pain message reaches the brain and the spinal cord at the sam ...
Representation of Behavioral Tactics and Tactics
... cue onset, epoch 2 beginning 150 ms before Figure 4. A–C, Tactics-selective activity of a pmPFC neuron preferentially observed during the delay and response period of and ending 150 ms after the hold release, and tactics-only cued trials. Data plots and display formats are the same as in Figure 3. C ...
... cue onset, epoch 2 beginning 150 ms before Figure 4. A–C, Tactics-selective activity of a pmPFC neuron preferentially observed during the delay and response period of and ending 150 ms after the hold release, and tactics-only cued trials. Data plots and display formats are the same as in Figure 3. C ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... function is studied, it is of utmost importance to have full control of and insight into the level of activity in both, the various efferent autonomical pathways and the subordinated effector systems. Otherwise the results are likely to be very confusing, apparently lacking all regularity and order. ...
... function is studied, it is of utmost importance to have full control of and insight into the level of activity in both, the various efferent autonomical pathways and the subordinated effector systems. Otherwise the results are likely to be very confusing, apparently lacking all regularity and order. ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... anterograde tracing, a glass pipette (20-m tip) filled with a 15% solution of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) entered the thalamus vertically through a craniotomy located 2.5–3 mm lateral and 3– 4 mm caudal to bregma. In some cases, a combined solution of FG (2%) and BDA (15%) was injected to reve ...
... anterograde tracing, a glass pipette (20-m tip) filled with a 15% solution of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) entered the thalamus vertically through a craniotomy located 2.5–3 mm lateral and 3– 4 mm caudal to bregma. In some cases, a combined solution of FG (2%) and BDA (15%) was injected to reve ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
REVIEW
... ual development, neuroendocrine responses to pheromones, and sexual attraction and arousal.3,4 There is evidence that both of these systems may play important roles in reproductive processes in a number of species, including humans.5±7 The potential role of a human vomeronasal organ (if present) in ...
... ual development, neuroendocrine responses to pheromones, and sexual attraction and arousal.3,4 There is evidence that both of these systems may play important roles in reproductive processes in a number of species, including humans.5±7 The potential role of a human vomeronasal organ (if present) in ...