to the Proceedings
... between the thousands of molecules present in a single synapse represents a fundamental need. Knowing better the normal functioning will help in the understanding of disorders by comparison with pathological situations. Based on these considerations, in the last decade our research activity dealt wi ...
... between the thousands of molecules present in a single synapse represents a fundamental need. Knowing better the normal functioning will help in the understanding of disorders by comparison with pathological situations. Based on these considerations, in the last decade our research activity dealt wi ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
... liquid or a conditioned sound as reinforcement. An initial instruction picture indicated the behavioral reaction to be performed (movement vs. nonmovement) and the reinforcer to be obtained (liquid vs. sound) after a subsequent trigger stimulus. We found task-related activations in 188 of 505 neuron ...
... liquid or a conditioned sound as reinforcement. An initial instruction picture indicated the behavioral reaction to be performed (movement vs. nonmovement) and the reinforcer to be obtained (liquid vs. sound) after a subsequent trigger stimulus. We found task-related activations in 188 of 505 neuron ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... receptors do not mediate rapid synaptic transmission, their contribution being primarily to the slow component of excitatory postsynaptic currents. At the resting plasma membrane potential they are powerfully inhibited by Mg2+ , whose block is reversed by plasma membrane depolarization (Nowak et al. ...
... receptors do not mediate rapid synaptic transmission, their contribution being primarily to the slow component of excitatory postsynaptic currents. At the resting plasma membrane potential they are powerfully inhibited by Mg2+ , whose block is reversed by plasma membrane depolarization (Nowak et al. ...
hanPNAS11
... retrograde axonal tracing by injecting rhodamine-conjugated latex microspheres (LMS) into the pons of Tbr1+/+ and Tbr1−/− newborn mice. Analysis was carried out after 18–24 h of survival to allow for transport of the tracer, a time frame that is limited by the perinatal lethality of the Tbr1−/− (22) ...
... retrograde axonal tracing by injecting rhodamine-conjugated latex microspheres (LMS) into the pons of Tbr1+/+ and Tbr1−/− newborn mice. Analysis was carried out after 18–24 h of survival to allow for transport of the tracer, a time frame that is limited by the perinatal lethality of the Tbr1−/− (22) ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Oestradiol Negative and
... cells. This dichotomy could be due to subpopulations of GnRH neurones that arise either due to their involvement in generating the positive-feedback response, or in the signal they receive (GABA versus another) to increase their activity during the surge. We favour the latter explanation because the ...
... cells. This dichotomy could be due to subpopulations of GnRH neurones that arise either due to their involvement in generating the positive-feedback response, or in the signal they receive (GABA versus another) to increase their activity during the surge. We favour the latter explanation because the ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... alter neural signals related to expected value, motivation, and salience. Here, we review studies that have addressed this issue in a number of key brain areas, all of which have been shown to exhibit neural activity modulated by expectation of appetitive and aversive stimuli when studied independen ...
... alter neural signals related to expected value, motivation, and salience. Here, we review studies that have addressed this issue in a number of key brain areas, all of which have been shown to exhibit neural activity modulated by expectation of appetitive and aversive stimuli when studied independen ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been used to characterize the morphology and distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals within the macaque striate cortex. Despite some differences in the relative sensitivity of these antisera for d ...
... Antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been used to characterize the morphology and distribution of presumed GABAergic neurons and axon terminals within the macaque striate cortex. Despite some differences in the relative sensitivity of these antisera for d ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... keeping track of information for future decisions. These patterns suggest that the auditory association links of area 10 are critical for complex cognition. The first part of this review focuses on the organization of prefrontal-auditory pathways at the level of the system and the synapse, with a pa ...
... keeping track of information for future decisions. These patterns suggest that the auditory association links of area 10 are critical for complex cognition. The first part of this review focuses on the organization of prefrontal-auditory pathways at the level of the system and the synapse, with a pa ...
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Aplysia californica and Molecular
... complex nervous systems; the human brain consists of one trillion neurons and highly complicated neuronal networks, making it difficult to elucidate learning and memory processes. The mammalian hippocampus is believed to be heavily involved in learning, but contains ~40 million neurons (Gundersen, e ...
... complex nervous systems; the human brain consists of one trillion neurons and highly complicated neuronal networks, making it difficult to elucidate learning and memory processes. The mammalian hippocampus is believed to be heavily involved in learning, but contains ~40 million neurons (Gundersen, e ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction in quantal content, indicating reduced synaptic vesicle release from motor neuron terminals in response to evoked stimulation (K ...
... Ruiz et al., 2010). Surprisingly, motor neurons in SMA are structurally well connected to their target muscles but functionally NMJs in SMN-D7 mice exhibit a 50% reduction in quantal content, indicating reduced synaptic vesicle release from motor neuron terminals in response to evoked stimulation (K ...
Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics
... Almost thirty years have now passed since the discovery of the piracetam-like nootropics. The term nootropiC92794,95 was coined by Giurgea in 1972, from Greek BOOS(~00s) (mind) and Greek tropos (T~OTOS) (turn), to describe the then netily discovered properties of these compounds: (1) enhancement of ...
... Almost thirty years have now passed since the discovery of the piracetam-like nootropics. The term nootropiC92794,95 was coined by Giurgea in 1972, from Greek BOOS(~00s) (mind) and Greek tropos (T~OTOS) (turn), to describe the then netily discovered properties of these compounds: (1) enhancement of ...
Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... Cholinergic input to the SNc originates predominantly from the ipsilateral pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (Blaha and Winn 1993, Lavoie and Parent 1994, Oakman et al. 1995), whereas the VTA receives bilateral input primarily from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (Blaha et al. 1996, Oakman et al ...
... Cholinergic input to the SNc originates predominantly from the ipsilateral pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (Blaha and Winn 1993, Lavoie and Parent 1994, Oakman et al. 1995), whereas the VTA receives bilateral input primarily from the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (Blaha et al. 1996, Oakman et al ...
Changes in Intracellular pH Associated with Glutamate Excitotoxicity
... However, other experiments have questioned the sole involvement of calcium, sinceneuronal death can occur without large deviations in [Ca*+], and high potassium or cyanide induced increasesin [Ca*+], do not produce toxicity (Michaels and Rothman, 1990; Dubinsky and Rothman, 1991). Intracellular acid ...
... However, other experiments have questioned the sole involvement of calcium, sinceneuronal death can occur without large deviations in [Ca*+], and high potassium or cyanide induced increasesin [Ca*+], do not produce toxicity (Michaels and Rothman, 1990; Dubinsky and Rothman, 1991). Intracellular acid ...
Short frontal lobe connections of the human brain
... marginal sulcus (FMS). The connections between Broca and medial frontal areas (i.e. FAT) and those between the hand-knob motor region and post-central gyrus (PoCG) were found left lateralized in a group of twelve healthy right-handed subjects. The existence of these short frontal connections was con ...
... marginal sulcus (FMS). The connections between Broca and medial frontal areas (i.e. FAT) and those between the hand-knob motor region and post-central gyrus (PoCG) were found left lateralized in a group of twelve healthy right-handed subjects. The existence of these short frontal connections was con ...
Lester-Lect to CaltechAssociates-Nov
... Increased nAChR due to chronic nicotine exposure probably confers no selective advantage . . . could be a thermodynamic necessity. A substantial, regulated pool of unassembled or cytoplasmic high-sensitivity nAChRs receptors may confer a selective advantage. If so, the selective advantage may involv ...
... Increased nAChR due to chronic nicotine exposure probably confers no selective advantage . . . could be a thermodynamic necessity. A substantial, regulated pool of unassembled or cytoplasmic high-sensitivity nAChRs receptors may confer a selective advantage. If so, the selective advantage may involv ...
Low Quality
... By inquiring into all that happens in the brain and body during sleep, researchers aim to paint a more complete picture of why people sleep — and why sleep sometimes goes awry, as Science News staff writers Tina Hesman Saey and Laura Sanders report in this special section. Scientists seeking the rea ...
... By inquiring into all that happens in the brain and body during sleep, researchers aim to paint a more complete picture of why people sleep — and why sleep sometimes goes awry, as Science News staff writers Tina Hesman Saey and Laura Sanders report in this special section. Scientists seeking the rea ...
Chronic stress prior to hippocampal stroke
... for cognitive performance (de Kloet, Oitzl, & Joels, 1999; Faraji, Lehmann, Metz, & Sutherland, 2009; Roozendaal, 2000). On the other hand, the central action of corticosteroids has mostly been portrayed as damaging and disruptive to learning and memory (McLaughlin, Gomez, Baran, & Conrad, 2007; Sap ...
... for cognitive performance (de Kloet, Oitzl, & Joels, 1999; Faraji, Lehmann, Metz, & Sutherland, 2009; Roozendaal, 2000). On the other hand, the central action of corticosteroids has mostly been portrayed as damaging and disruptive to learning and memory (McLaughlin, Gomez, Baran, & Conrad, 2007; Sap ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... mm. Continuous coverage was obtained from ⫹60 (A/P) to –38 (A/P). Acquisition was carried out during the task performance, which lasted a total of 25 min and 28 s, yielding 764 volumes in total. A whole brain T2* weighted EPI volume of the above dimensions and an anatomical T1 volume with slice thic ...
... mm. Continuous coverage was obtained from ⫹60 (A/P) to –38 (A/P). Acquisition was carried out during the task performance, which lasted a total of 25 min and 28 s, yielding 764 volumes in total. A whole brain T2* weighted EPI volume of the above dimensions and an anatomical T1 volume with slice thic ...
Molecular and functional analysis of Drosophila single
... 3 to 15 h of embryonic development but not later. The RC transcript is observed weakly at 0–3 h but then strongly at all stages of embryonic and postembryonic development. These results closely match Northern blot and RNA-Seq experiments (Crews et al., 1988; Graveley et al., 2011). sim is expressed ...
... 3 to 15 h of embryonic development but not later. The RC transcript is observed weakly at 0–3 h but then strongly at all stages of embryonic and postembryonic development. These results closely match Northern blot and RNA-Seq experiments (Crews et al., 1988; Graveley et al., 2011). sim is expressed ...
The cerebrocerebellar system: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... emotion. It provides an anatomic basis for the observations of cerebellar activation by cognitive and affective paradigms in functional neuroimaging experiments. It helps explain the clinical phenomena that characterize the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and it provides an anatomic basis f ...
... emotion. It provides an anatomic basis for the observations of cerebellar activation by cognitive and affective paradigms in functional neuroimaging experiments. It helps explain the clinical phenomena that characterize the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome, and it provides an anatomic basis f ...
A review of alpha activity in integrative brain function: Fundamental
... There remain many misconceptions about alpha rhythm, in relation to the functions of the brain and states of consciousness that need to be addressed and put in perspective. The literature shows that alpha rhythm is not a unitary phenomenon; rather, it demonstrates considerable variation and changes, ...
... There remain many misconceptions about alpha rhythm, in relation to the functions of the brain and states of consciousness that need to be addressed and put in perspective. The literature shows that alpha rhythm is not a unitary phenomenon; rather, it demonstrates considerable variation and changes, ...
Axonal morphometry of hippocampal pyramidal neurons semi
... transverse and longitudinal locations (Witter 2007). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of hippocampal learning will likely require a quantitative map of the entire axonal arbors originating from different network sub-regions. On the other hand, this same structural comple ...
... transverse and longitudinal locations (Witter 2007). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic mechanisms of hippocampal learning will likely require a quantitative map of the entire axonal arbors originating from different network sub-regions. On the other hand, this same structural comple ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... territory), the caudate nucleus (associative territory) and the posterior putamen (sensorimotor territory) [15–17]. However, the reduction in the number of neurons from the striatum to the output structures of basal ganglia, the internal segment of globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars ...
... territory), the caudate nucleus (associative territory) and the posterior putamen (sensorimotor territory) [15–17]. However, the reduction in the number of neurons from the striatum to the output structures of basal ganglia, the internal segment of globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... pathway, the NAcc-VP input may be important for the initiation of goal-directed behaviors. It may also be critical for learning new associations and actions, given the strong influence of the ventral subiculum on both the output neurons and interneurons of the NAcc [54, 55]. In contrast, the input f ...
... pathway, the NAcc-VP input may be important for the initiation of goal-directed behaviors. It may also be critical for learning new associations and actions, given the strong influence of the ventral subiculum on both the output neurons and interneurons of the NAcc [54, 55]. In contrast, the input f ...
Involvement of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Hippocampal
... performance of affected mice in behavioral tasks related to spatial memory. Moreover, lack of TNFα increased the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), following performance of the learning task. Our results suggest that TNFα actively influences hi ...
... performance of affected mice in behavioral tasks related to spatial memory. Moreover, lack of TNFα increased the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), following performance of the learning task. Our results suggest that TNFα actively influences hi ...