Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... type. ORNs project to the antennal lobe (AL), the first brain structure of olfactory processing. All ORNs expressing the same receptor type converge onto the same neuronal structure, called glomerulus (depicted as gray dashed circle). The convergence ratio is high, between 10 to 100 ORNs project to ...
... type. ORNs project to the antennal lobe (AL), the first brain structure of olfactory processing. All ORNs expressing the same receptor type converge onto the same neuronal structure, called glomerulus (depicted as gray dashed circle). The convergence ratio is high, between 10 to 100 ORNs project to ...
Dynamics of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness Across
... guided by the landmarks on cortical surface (Fig. 1A) and stereotaxic coordinates (Saleem and Logothetis, 2012). A total of five arrays were implanted in Monkey E (two arrays in S1, one in S2, and two in PMv in the left hemisphere) and four arrays in Monkey H (two arrays in S1, one in S2, and one an ...
... guided by the landmarks on cortical surface (Fig. 1A) and stereotaxic coordinates (Saleem and Logothetis, 2012). A total of five arrays were implanted in Monkey E (two arrays in S1, one in S2, and two in PMv in the left hemisphere) and four arrays in Monkey H (two arrays in S1, one in S2, and one an ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... The Skeletomotor Circuit Engages Specific Portions of the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus Since movement disorders are prominent in diseases of the basal ganglia, it is appropriate here to focus on the skeletomotor circuit. In primates the skeletomotor circuit originates in the cerebral ...
... The Skeletomotor Circuit Engages Specific Portions of the Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus Since movement disorders are prominent in diseases of the basal ganglia, it is appropriate here to focus on the skeletomotor circuit. In primates the skeletomotor circuit originates in the cerebral ...
identification of cell types in brain slices of the inferior colliculus
... and the dorsal aspect of the cerebellum and caudal cerebrum were quickly exposed. Parallel cuts, roughly perpendicular to the long axis of the brainstem, were made at the caudal border of the mesencephalon and rostrally, through the middle of the superior colliculus. The tissue block was attached to ...
... and the dorsal aspect of the cerebellum and caudal cerebrum were quickly exposed. Parallel cuts, roughly perpendicular to the long axis of the brainstem, were made at the caudal border of the mesencephalon and rostrally, through the middle of the superior colliculus. The tissue block was attached to ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... ANS: c, p. 45, C, LO=2.1, (1) 31. During the action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to ...
... ANS: c, p. 45, C, LO=2.1, (1) 31. During the action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to ...
Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Pragmatic, Semantic
... understanding of the world) Ð to build up an overall representation of meaning (Kintsch, 1988; JohnsonLaird, 1987). As these different forms of linguistic information have different rules and representations, they are generally acknowledged to be independent of one another. However, a fundamental qu ...
... understanding of the world) Ð to build up an overall representation of meaning (Kintsch, 1988; JohnsonLaird, 1987). As these different forms of linguistic information have different rules and representations, they are generally acknowledged to be independent of one another. However, a fundamental qu ...
Cross-Modal Transfer of Information between the Tactile
... found in the left postcentral gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, and right cerebellum. Finally, fields active in both TV–VV and TV–TT were considered as those involved in cross-modal transfer of information. One field was found, situated in the right insula–claustrum. This region has been shown t ...
... found in the left postcentral gyrus, left superior parietal lobule, and right cerebellum. Finally, fields active in both TV–VV and TV–TT were considered as those involved in cross-modal transfer of information. One field was found, situated in the right insula–claustrum. This region has been shown t ...
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... 15. What is the primary function of a synapse? a. To produce neurotransmitters b. To provide a place where neurons can communicate with one another c. To house the neuron's genetic material d. To allow an attachment between the axon and the cell body e. To release neurotransmitters ANS: B PTS: 1 REF ...
... 15. What is the primary function of a synapse? a. To produce neurotransmitters b. To provide a place where neurons can communicate with one another c. To house the neuron's genetic material d. To allow an attachment between the axon and the cell body e. To release neurotransmitters ANS: B PTS: 1 REF ...
Rethinking Mammalian Brain Evolution1
... transport of amino acids, macromolecules and certain fluorescent dyes. These techniques have now made it possible to investigate the organization of axonal circuitry in full microscopic detail. In this regard the most basic functional anatomy of the brain has at last become available for study. We a ...
... transport of amino acids, macromolecules and certain fluorescent dyes. These techniques have now made it possible to investigate the organization of axonal circuitry in full microscopic detail. In this regard the most basic functional anatomy of the brain has at last become available for study. We a ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
... provide anatomical evidence that a subset of Clarke’s column dSC neurons in receipt of proprioceptive sensory input are also contacted by the terminals of corticospinal neurons. To assess the function of these corticospinal inputs, we analyzed the response of fluorogold-labeled Clarke’s column dSC n ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex
... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex during Licking
... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
... were chosen to approximately match previous electrophysiological studies (Plata-Salaman et al., 1995; Katz et al., 2001, 2002). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO) and were reagent grade. In addition to being used as a rinse, water was also considered to be a tastant (de Araujo et ...
Chapter 29 - krigolson teaching
... A series of experiments on change blindness showed that this is not the case. These experiments involved changing a picture during the brief time when the viewer made a saccade from one part of the scene to another. If there were a relatively complete internal representation of the scene before the ...
... A series of experiments on change blindness showed that this is not the case. These experiments involved changing a picture during the brief time when the viewer made a saccade from one part of the scene to another. If there were a relatively complete internal representation of the scene before the ...
Neuropathological Alterations in Alzheimer Disease
... Congo Red. Dense-core plaques are typically surrounded by dystrophic neurites (neuritic plaques), reactive astrocytes and activated microglial cells, and associated with synaptic loss. A semiquantitative score of neuritic plaques is used for the pathological diagnosis of AD because their presence is ...
... Congo Red. Dense-core plaques are typically surrounded by dystrophic neurites (neuritic plaques), reactive astrocytes and activated microglial cells, and associated with synaptic loss. A semiquantitative score of neuritic plaques is used for the pathological diagnosis of AD because their presence is ...
Serotonin Depletion In Vivo Inhibits the
... circulating artificial seawater and a light /dark cycle of 12:12 hr. The developmental stage of the embryos was determined by the use of the percentage staging system of Helluy and Beltz (1991) in which egg extrusion is defined as 0% and hatching as 100%. Embryos at 55% of embryonic development (E55 ...
... circulating artificial seawater and a light /dark cycle of 12:12 hr. The developmental stage of the embryos was determined by the use of the percentage staging system of Helluy and Beltz (1991) in which egg extrusion is defined as 0% and hatching as 100%. Embryos at 55% of embryonic development (E55 ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
α-Synuclein and dopamine at the crossroads of Parkinson`s disease
... midbrain tissue, total α-synuclein mRNA levels were found to be increased by 4-fold on average compared to control brains [27], although the variability between PD cases was very high. Contradictory results showing a reduction of α-synuclein mRNA in surviving neurons from the same brain region have ...
... midbrain tissue, total α-synuclein mRNA levels were found to be increased by 4-fold on average compared to control brains [27], although the variability between PD cases was very high. Contradictory results showing a reduction of α-synuclein mRNA in surviving neurons from the same brain region have ...
kwanPNAS08
... (4, 5), migrate radially and settle within the preplate (PP), where they form the nascent cortical plate (CP) (6). Incoming CP neurons, which split the PP into the marginal zone (MZ) and subplate (SP), are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neuron ...
... (4, 5), migrate radially and settle within the preplate (PP), where they form the nascent cortical plate (CP) (6). Incoming CP neurons, which split the PP into the marginal zone (MZ) and subplate (SP), are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neuron ...
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... a Module 2-1 Neurons:The Body's Wiring The Structure of the Neuron LEARNING OBJECTIVES: EPCA.NEVI.2015.2.01 - Define what a neuron is, identify the parts of the neuron, and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Identify 23. During his first three years of life, Jason has develop ...
... a Module 2-1 Neurons:The Body's Wiring The Structure of the Neuron LEARNING OBJECTIVES: EPCA.NEVI.2015.2.01 - Define what a neuron is, identify the parts of the neuron, and explain how neurons communicate with each other. KEYWORDS: Identify 23. During his first three years of life, Jason has develop ...
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... ability to target specific neuronal populations. Targeting subpopulations requires stimuli designed to evoke activity in particular neurons or brain regions while simultaneously preventing activation of off-target neurons or brain regions [3,4]. Improvements in selective stimulation are applicable t ...
... ability to target specific neuronal populations. Targeting subpopulations requires stimuli designed to evoke activity in particular neurons or brain regions while simultaneously preventing activation of off-target neurons or brain regions [3,4]. Improvements in selective stimulation are applicable t ...
Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... 2005b). In brief, the premotor cortex represents and “considers” two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo to each of the responses. The four columns of units in the ...
... 2005b). In brief, the premotor cortex represents and “considers” two possible responses (R1 and R2) for each input stimulus. The BG system modulates which one of these responses is facilitated and which is suppressed by signaling Go or NoGo to each of the responses. The four columns of units in the ...
Maruska & Tricas 2011
... Zhang and Delay, 2007). However, the hypothesis that these two extra-hypothalamic GnRH systems can directly modulate sensory processing in the brain has received only limited experimental testing (Kawai et al., 2010; Kinoshita et al., 2007), and little is known about how GnRH might influence other re ...
... Zhang and Delay, 2007). However, the hypothesis that these two extra-hypothalamic GnRH systems can directly modulate sensory processing in the brain has received only limited experimental testing (Kawai et al., 2010; Kinoshita et al., 2007), and little is known about how GnRH might influence other re ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... roughly uniform density of potassium channels across the so- ...
... roughly uniform density of potassium channels across the so- ...
Multiple Modes of Action Potential Initiation and Propagation in
... branches just before or after entering the glomerulus, after which the dendritic branches were lost in the glomerular neuropil. On occasion, recordings from these smaller dendrites were possible. However, the majority of the recordings were from the main dendritic trunk close to the bifurcation poin ...
... branches just before or after entering the glomerulus, after which the dendritic branches were lost in the glomerular neuropil. On occasion, recordings from these smaller dendrites were possible. However, the majority of the recordings were from the main dendritic trunk close to the bifurcation poin ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... innervation affects the number of innervating neurons that survive led to the idea that neuronal death matches the number of neurons to the size and requirements of their target ®elds (Oppenheim, 1991). A long established idea, the neurotrophic hypothesis, provides an explanation for how target ®eld ...
... innervation affects the number of innervating neurons that survive led to the idea that neuronal death matches the number of neurons to the size and requirements of their target ®elds (Oppenheim, 1991). A long established idea, the neurotrophic hypothesis, provides an explanation for how target ®eld ...