Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs to Cortical Neurons
... In vivo cortical neurons are known to exhibit highly irregular spike patterns. Because the intervals between successive spikes fluctuate greatly, irregular neuronal firing makes it difficult to estimate instantaneous firing rates accurately. If, however, the irregularity of spike timing is decoupled ...
... In vivo cortical neurons are known to exhibit highly irregular spike patterns. Because the intervals between successive spikes fluctuate greatly, irregular neuronal firing makes it difficult to estimate instantaneous firing rates accurately. If, however, the irregularity of spike timing is decoupled ...
Fading memory and kernel properties of generic cortical microcircuit
... This computational model is universal (for deterministic offline digital computation) in the sense that every deterministic digital function that is computable at all (according to a well-established mathematical definition, see [41]) can be computed by some Turing machine. Before a Turing machine give ...
... This computational model is universal (for deterministic offline digital computation) in the sense that every deterministic digital function that is computable at all (according to a well-established mathematical definition, see [41]) can be computed by some Turing machine. Before a Turing machine give ...
Chemical Nature of Synaptic Transmission in Vertebrates
... by the activated receptor may be either excitatory or inhibitory. The character of the receptor seems to depend principally on its situation (the type of cell on which it is found), but more than one type of receptor can be present on the same cell: for example, ...
... by the activated receptor may be either excitatory or inhibitory. The character of the receptor seems to depend principally on its situation (the type of cell on which it is found), but more than one type of receptor can be present on the same cell: for example, ...
Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum
... Ethanol also significantly inhibited the DNA-binding activity of RAR and increased the activity of RXR to a consensus DNA-response element [48]. Studies have demonstrated that RXR targets genes predominantly involved in apoptosis [49,50], while RAR regulates genes promoting neuronal differentiation ...
... Ethanol also significantly inhibited the DNA-binding activity of RAR and increased the activity of RXR to a consensus DNA-response element [48]. Studies have demonstrated that RXR targets genes predominantly involved in apoptosis [49,50], while RAR regulates genes promoting neuronal differentiation ...
The contribution of sleep to hippocampus
... studies using fMRI have indicated hippocampal activation during explicit and implicit motor skill learning on a serial reaction time task [73] indicating that at least initially skill acquisition normally involves hippocampal function. It is still a matter of debate whether explicit or implicit mode ...
... studies using fMRI have indicated hippocampal activation during explicit and implicit motor skill learning on a serial reaction time task [73] indicating that at least initially skill acquisition normally involves hippocampal function. It is still a matter of debate whether explicit or implicit mode ...
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Inputs to `AIP`
... of AIP neurons. However, AIP contains more neurons that are exclusively responsive to the visual features of an object, whereas PMv contains more neurons that are selectively responsive during movement (Murata et al., 1997, 2000). Thus, AIP and PMv are thought to be nodes in a cortical network conce ...
... of AIP neurons. However, AIP contains more neurons that are exclusively responsive to the visual features of an object, whereas PMv contains more neurons that are selectively responsive during movement (Murata et al., 1997, 2000). Thus, AIP and PMv are thought to be nodes in a cortical network conce ...
I Know What You Are Doing: A - Università degli Studi di Parma
... frame that allowed the vision of the experimenter’s upper body and arms. In the two experimental conditions, the hand of the experimenter, starting from a stationary position within the frame space, moved toward an object placed on a plane also located within the frame space, grasped the object, and ...
... frame that allowed the vision of the experimenter’s upper body and arms. In the two experimental conditions, the hand of the experimenter, starting from a stationary position within the frame space, moved toward an object placed on a plane also located within the frame space, grasped the object, and ...
Autistic spectrum disorders: A review of clinical features, theories
... Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders that is among the most severe in terms of prevalence, morbidity and impact to the society. It is characterized by complex behavioral phenotype and deficits in both social and cognitive functions. Although the exact cause of ASD i ...
... Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a set of neurodevelopmental disorders that is among the most severe in terms of prevalence, morbidity and impact to the society. It is characterized by complex behavioral phenotype and deficits in both social and cognitive functions. Although the exact cause of ASD i ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... the EEG. Another pair of screws were threaded into the orbital portion of the frontal bone to monitor electro-oculographic (EGG) activity. Bipolar strut electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the lateral geniculate nuclei [A 5.5, L 9, H 5, according to Berman’s (1968) coordinates]; these electro ...
... the EEG. Another pair of screws were threaded into the orbital portion of the frontal bone to monitor electro-oculographic (EGG) activity. Bipolar strut electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the lateral geniculate nuclei [A 5.5, L 9, H 5, according to Berman’s (1968) coordinates]; these electro ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
... Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its “resting potential,” is about __________ a) -50 millivolts. b) -70 millivolts. Correct. The resting potential of ...
... Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its “resting potential,” is about __________ a) -50 millivolts. b) -70 millivolts. Correct. The resting potential of ...
Precise visuotopic organization of the blind spot representation in
... placed 57.3 cm in front of the animals’ eyes. The positions of the BS and fovea were plotted onto the computer screen with a 180° reversible ophthalmoscope. Throughout the experimental session, we plotted the borders of the BS and tested the responsiveness of the neuron to small stimuli delivered th ...
... placed 57.3 cm in front of the animals’ eyes. The positions of the BS and fovea were plotted onto the computer screen with a 180° reversible ophthalmoscope. Throughout the experimental session, we plotted the borders of the BS and tested the responsiveness of the neuron to small stimuli delivered th ...
Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during
... volume, loss of inhibitory interneurons and increased cell death of neurons and glia. It is interesting to note that these effects occurred in the presence of chronic microglial activation, with a relative paucity of infiltrating blood-borne immune cells. Widespread diffuse demyelination occurred in ...
... volume, loss of inhibitory interneurons and increased cell death of neurons and glia. It is interesting to note that these effects occurred in the presence of chronic microglial activation, with a relative paucity of infiltrating blood-borne immune cells. Widespread diffuse demyelination occurred in ...
Single Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons Form Widely Spread
... nuclei of the basal ganglia circuit. Furthermore, the neostriatum is known to have a mosaic organization and be composed of patch/striosome and matrix compartments which are distinguishable from each other by the expression of neurochemical markers and by input– output organization (Graybiel and Rag ...
... nuclei of the basal ganglia circuit. Furthermore, the neostriatum is known to have a mosaic organization and be composed of patch/striosome and matrix compartments which are distinguishable from each other by the expression of neurochemical markers and by input– output organization (Graybiel and Rag ...
Sample
... 48. __________ is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use. a) Reception Incorrect. Reception occurs when neurotransmitters fill in tiny sites on the post-synaptic neuron’s surface. ...
... 48. __________ is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use. a) Reception Incorrect. Reception occurs when neurotransmitters fill in tiny sites on the post-synaptic neuron’s surface. ...
Differential regulation of the central neural cardiorespiratory system
... as well as many other neurotransmitters, in addition to glutamate? (ii) Which brainstem neurons regulate which motor outputs? (iii) Does the ‘chemical coding’ seen in different cardiorespiratory neurons correspond to a ‘functional fingerprint’? The pot of gold at the end of this rainbow is a much be ...
... as well as many other neurotransmitters, in addition to glutamate? (ii) Which brainstem neurons regulate which motor outputs? (iii) Does the ‘chemical coding’ seen in different cardiorespiratory neurons correspond to a ‘functional fingerprint’? The pot of gold at the end of this rainbow is a much be ...
Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2004)
... Tasks such as devaluation are used in behavioral studies to reveal the role of associatively activated representations of reinforcers. But it is assumed that these representations are active regardless of the invocation of special behavioral procedures to detect them. For example, when animals perfo ...
... Tasks such as devaluation are used in behavioral studies to reveal the role of associatively activated representations of reinforcers. But it is assumed that these representations are active regardless of the invocation of special behavioral procedures to detect them. For example, when animals perfo ...
A Novel Mechanism and Treatment Target for Presynaptic
... Abnormalities of amount and function of presynaptic terminals may have an important role in the mechanism of illness in schizophrenia. The SNARE proteins (SNAP-25, syntaxin, and VAMP) are enriched in presynaptic terminals, where they interact to form a functional complex to facilitate vesicle fusion ...
... Abnormalities of amount and function of presynaptic terminals may have an important role in the mechanism of illness in schizophrenia. The SNARE proteins (SNAP-25, syntaxin, and VAMP) are enriched in presynaptic terminals, where they interact to form a functional complex to facilitate vesicle fusion ...
WHAT IS THE MAMMALIAN DENTATE GYRUS GOOD FOR? Alessandro Treves
... influence of on-going inputs. One can imagine that a system of strong one-to-one connections from another area may effectively „transfer‟ a pattern of activity from there, where it is determined by some unspecified process, to the associative memory network. McNaughton and Morris (1987) observed tha ...
... influence of on-going inputs. One can imagine that a system of strong one-to-one connections from another area may effectively „transfer‟ a pattern of activity from there, where it is determined by some unspecified process, to the associative memory network. McNaughton and Morris (1987) observed tha ...
NIH Public Access
... effects of these variants have been indirectly modeled by decreasing, but not eliminating, expression of target genes. In early studies, this involved use of mice that were heterozygous for the serotonin transporter as a model for the low-expressing human allelic variant [22]. More recently, partial ...
... effects of these variants have been indirectly modeled by decreasing, but not eliminating, expression of target genes. In early studies, this involved use of mice that were heterozygous for the serotonin transporter as a model for the low-expressing human allelic variant [22]. More recently, partial ...
Print
... hippocampus (188), as well as throughout the brain, where activation of CB1 by endocannabinoids can efficiently veto neurotransmitter release in many distinct types of synapses (see sect. IV). The conditions of synthesis, release, distance of diffusion, duration of effect, and site of action were al ...
... hippocampus (188), as well as throughout the brain, where activation of CB1 by endocannabinoids can efficiently veto neurotransmitter release in many distinct types of synapses (see sect. IV). The conditions of synthesis, release, distance of diffusion, duration of effect, and site of action were al ...
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... common observation that spiking discharges of individual neurons in the cortex are highly stochastic and far from being clocklike. However, recent findings have led to a framework that goes beyond the conventional theory of coupled oscillators and reconciles the apparent dichotomy between irregular ...
... common observation that spiking discharges of individual neurons in the cortex are highly stochastic and far from being clocklike. However, recent findings have led to a framework that goes beyond the conventional theory of coupled oscillators and reconciles the apparent dichotomy between irregular ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... reward, and performance of the task. During visually guided saccades, we observed saccade-related burst (26/70) and pause neurons (19/70), indicating that a subset of PPTN neurons are related to both saccade execution and fixation. Burst neurons exhibited greater selectivity for saccade direction th ...
... reward, and performance of the task. During visually guided saccades, we observed saccade-related burst (26/70) and pause neurons (19/70), indicating that a subset of PPTN neurons are related to both saccade execution and fixation. Burst neurons exhibited greater selectivity for saccade direction th ...
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... OBJ: 4-Explain difference between agonists and antagonists; describe their effects on neurotransmitters. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 45. Which of the following describes the function of dopamine in the brain? a) It is the neurotransmitter that prevents neurons from overexciting their neighboring neurons. ...
... OBJ: 4-Explain difference between agonists and antagonists; describe their effects on neurotransmitters. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 45. Which of the following describes the function of dopamine in the brain? a) It is the neurotransmitter that prevents neurons from overexciting their neighboring neurons. ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... With this thesis I strive to open the debate and point the reader towards a critical reconsideration of what we currently know and think about the mirror neurons. I commence my efforts by providing a thorough introduction to the neurobiological background of the primate action observation–execution ...
... With this thesis I strive to open the debate and point the reader towards a critical reconsideration of what we currently know and think about the mirror neurons. I commence my efforts by providing a thorough introduction to the neurobiological background of the primate action observation–execution ...