The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention
... the assessment of sustained attention (or vigilance) performance typically has utilized situations in which an observer is required to keep watch for inconspicuous signals over prolonged periods of time. The state of readiness to respond to rarely and unpredictably occurring signals is characterized ...
... the assessment of sustained attention (or vigilance) performance typically has utilized situations in which an observer is required to keep watch for inconspicuous signals over prolonged periods of time. The state of readiness to respond to rarely and unpredictably occurring signals is characterized ...
No Slide Title
... The soma and dendrites act as the input surface; the axon carries the outputs. The tips of the branches of the axon form synapses upon other neurons or upon effectors (though synapses may occur along the branches of an axon as well as the ends). The arrows indicate the direction of "typical" informa ...
... The soma and dendrites act as the input surface; the axon carries the outputs. The tips of the branches of the axon form synapses upon other neurons or upon effectors (though synapses may occur along the branches of an axon as well as the ends). The arrows indicate the direction of "typical" informa ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... mitochondrial fragmentation in neurons consistent with a neuroprotective effect. Collectively, this study reveals a number of intriguing neuronal phenotypes due to the loss- or gain-of-function of ATP13A2 that support a role for this protein in regulating intracellular cation homeostasis and neurona ...
... mitochondrial fragmentation in neurons consistent with a neuroprotective effect. Collectively, this study reveals a number of intriguing neuronal phenotypes due to the loss- or gain-of-function of ATP13A2 that support a role for this protein in regulating intracellular cation homeostasis and neurona ...
Reward and Aversion
... Since the seminal discovery made by Olds & Milner (1954) that electrical stimulation of certain brain areas causes approach behavior, positive reinforcement, and pleasure in rats, two essential questions have arisen: Which brain sites produce the rewarding effects? Which drugs block them? Attempts t ...
... Since the seminal discovery made by Olds & Milner (1954) that electrical stimulation of certain brain areas causes approach behavior, positive reinforcement, and pleasure in rats, two essential questions have arisen: Which brain sites produce the rewarding effects? Which drugs block them? Attempts t ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... been described in piecemeal fashion in separate studies (for reviews see [15–17]). It is not clear if pathways from the prefrontal cortex to autonomic structures are circuitous or relatively direct. Another open question is whether previously described pathways from prefrontal areas synapse in auton ...
... been described in piecemeal fashion in separate studies (for reviews see [15–17]). It is not clear if pathways from the prefrontal cortex to autonomic structures are circuitous or relatively direct. Another open question is whether previously described pathways from prefrontal areas synapse in auton ...
Depression of Acetylcholinesterase Synthesis Following Transient
... enkephalin and tachykinins was markedly decreased (Chesselet et al 1990) These studies suggest that cholinergic neurons are more resistant to ischemia than other neurons In view of existing differences we decided to investigate the changes in AChE synthesis after cerebral ischemia Since a transient ...
... enkephalin and tachykinins was markedly decreased (Chesselet et al 1990) These studies suggest that cholinergic neurons are more resistant to ischemia than other neurons In view of existing differences we decided to investigate the changes in AChE synthesis after cerebral ischemia Since a transient ...
Principles of Neural Science
... physiology examined the neural consequences of a stimulus—how the stimulus is transduced by sensory receptors and processed in the brain. Some of the most exciting advances in our understanding of perception have come from merging these two approaches in, for example, recent human experiments that u ...
... physiology examined the neural consequences of a stimulus—how the stimulus is transduced by sensory receptors and processed in the brain. Some of the most exciting advances in our understanding of perception have come from merging these two approaches in, for example, recent human experiments that u ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... Orexin neurons not only send projections to various brain regions, but they also receive multiple innervations. Retrograde tracers, such as the nontoxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) and the cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B), were utilized to show synaptic connections involving orexin neur ...
... Orexin neurons not only send projections to various brain regions, but they also receive multiple innervations. Retrograde tracers, such as the nontoxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) and the cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B), were utilized to show synaptic connections involving orexin neur ...
Expression of AMPA/kainate receptors during development of chick
... et al., 1998) and by desensitising due to extracellular protons (Ihle and Patneau, 2000) (for review see Zorumski and Thio, 1992; Bleakman and Lodge, 1998). Calcium currents induced by glutamate, alter during maturation of cortical and hippocampal neurons in culture (Wahl et al., 1989; Barish and Ma ...
... et al., 1998) and by desensitising due to extracellular protons (Ihle and Patneau, 2000) (for review see Zorumski and Thio, 1992; Bleakman and Lodge, 1998). Calcium currents induced by glutamate, alter during maturation of cortical and hippocampal neurons in culture (Wahl et al., 1989; Barish and Ma ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... did not emerge until respiratory challenges were applied. Representative discharge patterns of CRRNs exposed to respiratory challenges are presented in Figs. 4–8. Figure 4 shows an expiratory phasic CRRN response to cessation of the ventilator at both LI and FRC for a single breath. A sustained LI t ...
... did not emerge until respiratory challenges were applied. Representative discharge patterns of CRRNs exposed to respiratory challenges are presented in Figs. 4–8. Figure 4 shows an expiratory phasic CRRN response to cessation of the ventilator at both LI and FRC for a single breath. A sustained LI t ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... Chunxiu Yu and Guy Horev contributed equally to this work (co-first authors). In whisking rodents, object location is encoded at the receptor level by a combination of motor and sensory related signals. Recoding of the encoded signals can result in various forms of internal representations. Here, we ...
... Chunxiu Yu and Guy Horev contributed equally to this work (co-first authors). In whisking rodents, object location is encoded at the receptor level by a combination of motor and sensory related signals. Recoding of the encoded signals can result in various forms of internal representations. Here, we ...
NK1 receptor-expressing spinoparabrachial neurons trigger diffuse
... Pain is a complex experience that involves sensory-discriminative, cognitive-evaluative, and affective-emotional components. Conversely, central nervous system networks may modulate the transmission of nociceptive messages according to the nature of the painful stimulus and behavioral state of the i ...
... Pain is a complex experience that involves sensory-discriminative, cognitive-evaluative, and affective-emotional components. Conversely, central nervous system networks may modulate the transmission of nociceptive messages according to the nature of the painful stimulus and behavioral state of the i ...
Tsutsui (2004) Neural mechanisms of three
... in CIP compared with those in the occipital cortex: while neurons in the occipital cortex are involved in low-level disparity detection within their relatively small receptive fields, CIP neurons may be involved in high-level computation of the 3D orientation of a relatively wide surface, based on d ...
... in CIP compared with those in the occipital cortex: while neurons in the occipital cortex are involved in low-level disparity detection within their relatively small receptive fields, CIP neurons may be involved in high-level computation of the 3D orientation of a relatively wide surface, based on d ...
Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum
... Under-connectivity is often considered as a decrease in connectivity relative to a standard or normative comparison value. This can be a “global” decrease between different nodes of a network, like the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the default mode netwo ...
... Under-connectivity is often considered as a decrease in connectivity relative to a standard or normative comparison value. This can be a “global” decrease between different nodes of a network, like the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the default mode netwo ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
Zinc Neurotoxicity and its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases
... ion channels on neuronal cell membranes13) and caused the abnormal increase of intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+]i).32) Therefore, it is possible that channel-formation by A βP and the subsequent increase in [Ca 2+]i may trigger the apoptotic neurodegeneration and finally engenders the pathogenesis ...
... ion channels on neuronal cell membranes13) and caused the abnormal increase of intracellular calcium level ([Ca2+]i).32) Therefore, it is possible that channel-formation by A βP and the subsequent increase in [Ca 2+]i may trigger the apoptotic neurodegeneration and finally engenders the pathogenesis ...
Visuomotor Functions in the Frontal Lobe
... Visual Processing, Remapping, and Target Selection The FEF is also a visual area. As noted above, visual responses in the FEF can have very short latencies. These short-latency responses are very sensitive, being immune to masking (Thompson & Schall 2000; cf. Libedinsky & Livingstone 2011) but often ...
... Visual Processing, Remapping, and Target Selection The FEF is also a visual area. As noted above, visual responses in the FEF can have very short latencies. These short-latency responses are very sensitive, being immune to masking (Thompson & Schall 2000; cf. Libedinsky & Livingstone 2011) but often ...
9-Sensation of Smell..
... • identify what the body needs for survival • identify what is dangerous and should be rejected ...
... • identify what the body needs for survival • identify what is dangerous and should be rejected ...
Hybrid Scheme for Modeling Local Field Potentials from Point
... the activity of point-neuron networks (e.g., population firing rates, synaptic currents and membrane potentials) has nevertheless been used as a proxy for the LFP when comparing with experiments. In a recent study comparing different candidate proxies, it was found that a suitably chosen sum of synap ...
... the activity of point-neuron networks (e.g., population firing rates, synaptic currents and membrane potentials) has nevertheless been used as a proxy for the LFP when comparing with experiments. In a recent study comparing different candidate proxies, it was found that a suitably chosen sum of synap ...
Prediction of Subjective Affective State From Brain Activations
... Techniques have been developed to enable the information provided by populations of simultaneously recorded neurons to be analyzed (Aggelopoulos et al. 2005; Franco et al. 2004; Rolls et al. 1997a), and in this section, we extend these techniques to the analysis of functional imaging data. These tec ...
... Techniques have been developed to enable the information provided by populations of simultaneously recorded neurons to be analyzed (Aggelopoulos et al. 2005; Franco et al. 2004; Rolls et al. 1997a), and in this section, we extend these techniques to the analysis of functional imaging data. These tec ...
PRESYNAPTIC IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS AND CONTROL OF
... G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed on presynaptic terminals and can modulate synaptic transmission. Many presynaptic GPCRs, such the GABAB (γ-aminobutyric acid, subtype B), adenosine and cannabinoid receptors inhibit transmitter release. These receptors act by inhibiting voltage-gated ...
... G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are expressed on presynaptic terminals and can modulate synaptic transmission. Many presynaptic GPCRs, such the GABAB (γ-aminobutyric acid, subtype B), adenosine and cannabinoid receptors inhibit transmitter release. These receptors act by inhibiting voltage-gated ...
Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons
... (lsRF, right) is about twice the diameter of the sRF measured at high contrast (hsRF, middle). (b) Distribution of surround field diameters for a population of V1 neurons (n ¼ 59 cells between 2 and 8 eccentricity in the lower visual field), mapped using high contrast expanding gratings (cartoon), a ...
... (lsRF, right) is about twice the diameter of the sRF measured at high contrast (hsRF, middle). (b) Distribution of surround field diameters for a population of V1 neurons (n ¼ 59 cells between 2 and 8 eccentricity in the lower visual field), mapped using high contrast expanding gratings (cartoon), a ...
FREE Sample Here
... Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its “resting potential,” is about __________ a) -50 millivolts. b) -70 millivolts. Correct. The resting potential of ...
... Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The membrane potential of a neuron at rest, or what is termed its “resting potential,” is about __________ a) -50 millivolts. b) -70 millivolts. Correct. The resting potential of ...
ficient mice: Distinct effects in Finnish variant late infantile NCL
... models of NCL share several common pathological similarities, including selective loss of GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, cortical and thalamic atrophy and pronounced early gliosis (reviewed in Mitchison et al., 2004; Cooper et al., 2006). More detailed pathological analyses of mouse models of ...
... models of NCL share several common pathological similarities, including selective loss of GABAergic interneuron subpopulations, cortical and thalamic atrophy and pronounced early gliosis (reviewed in Mitchison et al., 2004; Cooper et al., 2006). More detailed pathological analyses of mouse models of ...