ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... ANS: c, p. 45, C, LO=2.1, (1) 31. During the action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to ...
... ANS: c, p. 45, C, LO=2.1, (1) 31. During the action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to ...
Glycine Binding Sites of Presynaptic NMDA Receptors May
... Glycine or D-serine potentiates NMDA-R–mediated mEPSCs Whole cell mEPSCs recordings were performed on 58 pyramidal neurons in layer II/III of the visual cortical slices. Spontaneous mEPSCs in the presence of TTX (0.5 M), strychnine (1 M), and picrotoxin (100 M) were abolished by application of D- ...
... Glycine or D-serine potentiates NMDA-R–mediated mEPSCs Whole cell mEPSCs recordings were performed on 58 pyramidal neurons in layer II/III of the visual cortical slices. Spontaneous mEPSCs in the presence of TTX (0.5 M), strychnine (1 M), and picrotoxin (100 M) were abolished by application of D- ...
PPT
... • In PRR & LIP in the posterior parietal cortex – Maps for the direction of either arm or eye movements that the monkey is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar t ...
... • In PRR & LIP in the posterior parietal cortex – Maps for the direction of either arm or eye movements that the monkey is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar t ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
Efficient gene transduction of neurons by lentivirus with
... IIF between CMV and all the hybrid promoters by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. E/Ta1 promoter displayed higher intensity than CMV promoter in the neostriatum, whereas E/CaMKII and E/PDGF promoters exhibited lower intensities than CMV promoter in the thalamu ...
... IIF between CMV and all the hybrid promoters by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. E/Ta1 promoter displayed higher intensity than CMV promoter in the neostriatum, whereas E/CaMKII and E/PDGF promoters exhibited lower intensities than CMV promoter in the thalamu ...
Electronic Realization of Human Brain`s Neo
... The neuron is the basic functional block of the nervous system. It is a highly specialized cellular unit for information processing and transmission of electrochemical signals. With diameters ranging from 4 to 100 microns, each neuron contains millions of electrochemical pumping stations that shift ...
... The neuron is the basic functional block of the nervous system. It is a highly specialized cellular unit for information processing and transmission of electrochemical signals. With diameters ranging from 4 to 100 microns, each neuron contains millions of electrochemical pumping stations that shift ...
Information Processing in the Rostral Solitary Nucleus: Modulation
... The sensitivity of gustatory afferents and neurons to multiple stimuli also poses the methodological question of how to compare gustatory responses across experimental conditions, anatomical locations, and between species. It is possible to classify units according to their best-stimulus and compare ...
... The sensitivity of gustatory afferents and neurons to multiple stimuli also poses the methodological question of how to compare gustatory responses across experimental conditions, anatomical locations, and between species. It is possible to classify units according to their best-stimulus and compare ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... discharge rate of the neurons quickly increased and then remained at an elevated stable value (plateau). The firing rate of the neurons during the effect was measured during the plateau phase. The onset of the plateau (latency, s) was defined as the time interval between the onset of the bicuculline ...
... discharge rate of the neurons quickly increased and then remained at an elevated stable value (plateau). The firing rate of the neurons during the effect was measured during the plateau phase. The onset of the plateau (latency, s) was defined as the time interval between the onset of the bicuculline ...
2nd year - FORTH-ICS - Foundation for Research and Technology
... (Gallese et al, Attention and Performance, 334-355, 2002). The consequent suggestion was that the double-duty operation (action-execution and action-observation) is performed by a small circuit which is constituted by a few cortical areas such as area F5 of the ventral premotor cortex, area 7b/PF of ...
... (Gallese et al, Attention and Performance, 334-355, 2002). The consequent suggestion was that the double-duty operation (action-execution and action-observation) is performed by a small circuit which is constituted by a few cortical areas such as area F5 of the ventral premotor cortex, area 7b/PF of ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... release would be favored. This will initially induce an inhibitory postsynaptic response due to the inhibitory actions of dynorphin and N/OFQ, masking the excitatory orexin effect. However, during a prolonged firing activity, -receptors will be desensitized and the excitatory orexin effect will eve ...
... release would be favored. This will initially induce an inhibitory postsynaptic response due to the inhibitory actions of dynorphin and N/OFQ, masking the excitatory orexin effect. However, during a prolonged firing activity, -receptors will be desensitized and the excitatory orexin effect will eve ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... The importance of the preoptic hypothalamus in the generation of slow-wave sleep has long been recognized. Electrophysiologic recordings have identified slow-wave sleep-active neurons in this area where lesions produce insomnia in animals and humans. More recently, it has been shown that a subgroup ...
... The importance of the preoptic hypothalamus in the generation of slow-wave sleep has long been recognized. Electrophysiologic recordings have identified slow-wave sleep-active neurons in this area where lesions produce insomnia in animals and humans. More recently, it has been shown that a subgroup ...
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with
... selective for the observation of an action made with pliers. The neuron discharged when the experimenter grasped and broke a peanut, held on his hand, using a pair of pliers (A). The response occurred during both grasping and breaking phases. The same grasping and breaking actions performed by the e ...
... selective for the observation of an action made with pliers. The neuron discharged when the experimenter grasped and broke a peanut, held on his hand, using a pair of pliers (A). The response occurred during both grasping and breaking phases. The same grasping and breaking actions performed by the e ...
Modelling Neuronal Mechanisms of the Processing of Tones and System
... I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have helped me in various ways during the many years of work I spent on this thesis. You know who you are and what you did for me, so names are not needed here. Thank you so much! ...
... I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who have helped me in various ways during the many years of work I spent on this thesis. You know who you are and what you did for me, so names are not needed here. Thank you so much! ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... a burst, regardless of the amplitude of the depolarization. Fast-spiking neurons presumably were interneurons and they were not further considered in this study. Both bursting and regular-spiking neurons were typical projection neurons with pyramidal-shaped somata (Fig. 1B). The axonal arbors could ...
... a burst, regardless of the amplitude of the depolarization. Fast-spiking neurons presumably were interneurons and they were not further considered in this study. Both bursting and regular-spiking neurons were typical projection neurons with pyramidal-shaped somata (Fig. 1B). The axonal arbors could ...
Physiological Patterns in the Hippocampo
... theta-modulated (Mitchell and Ranck, 1980; Alonso and GarciaAustt, 1987a,b; Stewart et al., 1992). Current source density analysis demonstrates that theta field potentials reverse across layer II (Alonso and Garcia-Austt, 1987a; Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998a), indicating that synchronous synaptic inpu ...
... theta-modulated (Mitchell and Ranck, 1980; Alonso and GarciaAustt, 1987a,b; Stewart et al., 1992). Current source density analysis demonstrates that theta field potentials reverse across layer II (Alonso and Garcia-Austt, 1987a; Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998a), indicating that synchronous synaptic inpu ...
Vesicular glutamate transporter 3
... et al., 1995; Halberstadt and Balaban, 2006, 2007, 2008; Hay-Schmidt et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004; Kohler and Steinbusch, 1982; Ma et al., 1991; O’Hearn and Molliver, 1984; Petrov et al., 1992, 1994; Van Bockstaele et al., 1993; Villar et al., 1988). These nonserotonergic projection neurons are co ...
... et al., 1995; Halberstadt and Balaban, 2006, 2007, 2008; Hay-Schmidt et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2004; Kohler and Steinbusch, 1982; Ma et al., 1991; O’Hearn and Molliver, 1984; Petrov et al., 1992, 1994; Van Bockstaele et al., 1993; Villar et al., 1988). These nonserotonergic projection neurons are co ...
Physiological patterns in the hippocampo
... theta-modulated (Mitchell and Ranck, 1980; Alonso and GarciaAustt, 1987a,b; Stewart et al., 1992). Current source density analysis demonstrates that theta field potentials reverse across layer II (Alonso and Garcia-Austt, 1987a; Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998a), indicating that synchronous synaptic inpu ...
... theta-modulated (Mitchell and Ranck, 1980; Alonso and GarciaAustt, 1987a,b; Stewart et al., 1992). Current source density analysis demonstrates that theta field potentials reverse across layer II (Alonso and Garcia-Austt, 1987a; Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998a), indicating that synchronous synaptic inpu ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... The neural mechanisms responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis in mammals were studied first in vivo in adults and subsequently in vitro in neonates. In vitro data have suggested that the pacemaker neurons are the kernel of the respiratory network. These data are reviewed, and their relevance to a ...
... The neural mechanisms responsible for respiratory rhythmogenesis in mammals were studied first in vivo in adults and subsequently in vitro in neonates. In vitro data have suggested that the pacemaker neurons are the kernel of the respiratory network. These data are reviewed, and their relevance to a ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... patterns of molecules that are important for dendrite morphogenesis26–32 (BOX 2; FIG. 1). Moreover, dendrite dynamics of fluorescently labelled dendritic arborization neurons can be visualized in vivo throughout larval development as they are located between the epithelium and muscle in an essential ...
... patterns of molecules that are important for dendrite morphogenesis26–32 (BOX 2; FIG. 1). Moreover, dendrite dynamics of fluorescently labelled dendritic arborization neurons can be visualized in vivo throughout larval development as they are located between the epithelium and muscle in an essential ...
Effects of Repeated Administration of 3,4
... Fig.3 shows the results of cell counts (neurons) in different groups. The number of neurons in all experimental groups was lower than in the control-saline group and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). The highest decrease in the number of neurons was shown in response to MDMA with the dose ...
... Fig.3 shows the results of cell counts (neurons) in different groups. The number of neurons in all experimental groups was lower than in the control-saline group and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). The highest decrease in the number of neurons was shown in response to MDMA with the dose ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... Data analysis. Data analysis was performed with custom routines written in Matlab. Electrophysiology data were low pass filtered offline (1 kHz) and synaptic events were detected using a threshold (within 23 ms of the stimulus with a threshold of ⬎6⫻ SD from baseline). Mean EPSC for sCRACM was compu ...
... Data analysis. Data analysis was performed with custom routines written in Matlab. Electrophysiology data were low pass filtered offline (1 kHz) and synaptic events were detected using a threshold (within 23 ms of the stimulus with a threshold of ⬎6⫻ SD from baseline). Mean EPSC for sCRACM was compu ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein and mRNA Are
... were 11,200 cpm. Basal levels of guanylate cyclase were 5 pmol/min per mg; prior to immunoprecipitation, activity was activated to 200 pmol/min per mg by either 1 mM arginine and 1 mM NADPH, or 300 PM sodium nitroprusside. This is representative of a similar experiment repeated three times with near ...
... were 11,200 cpm. Basal levels of guanylate cyclase were 5 pmol/min per mg; prior to immunoprecipitation, activity was activated to 200 pmol/min per mg by either 1 mM arginine and 1 mM NADPH, or 300 PM sodium nitroprusside. This is representative of a similar experiment repeated three times with near ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... recorded up to 2 mm away from the stimulation site (Asanuma and Rosen, 1973; Aroniadou and Keller, 1993; Matsumura et al., 1996; Baker et al., 1998). The first component of these stimulusevoked responses is mainly excitatory, commonly followed by a period of activity suppression, suggesting that the ...
... recorded up to 2 mm away from the stimulation site (Asanuma and Rosen, 1973; Aroniadou and Keller, 1993; Matsumura et al., 1996; Baker et al., 1998). The first component of these stimulusevoked responses is mainly excitatory, commonly followed by a period of activity suppression, suggesting that the ...
Molecular Pathways of Endoplasmic Reticulum
... proteins can be found in brain pathological states, such as Alzheimer´s disease, schizophrenia and epilepsy. In addition, the Ca2+ binding proteins can also be used as predictive marker in other pathologies e.g. melanoma (van Ginkel et al. 1998). ...
... proteins can be found in brain pathological states, such as Alzheimer´s disease, schizophrenia and epilepsy. In addition, the Ca2+ binding proteins can also be used as predictive marker in other pathologies e.g. melanoma (van Ginkel et al. 1998). ...
Lesion of the perforant path triggers a biphasic neurogenic response
... occurs in areas d istant to a lesion site, astrocytes hypertrophy but rem ain tiled (Figure 2B; Wilhelm sson et al., 2006). In such cases, tissue reorganization is m inim al, and reactive astrogliosis resolves w ithin a few w eeks. H ow ever, follow ing m ore severe CN S insults such as m ajor trau ...
... occurs in areas d istant to a lesion site, astrocytes hypertrophy but rem ain tiled (Figure 2B; Wilhelm sson et al., 2006). In such cases, tissue reorganization is m inim al, and reactive astrogliosis resolves w ithin a few w eeks. H ow ever, follow ing m ore severe CN S insults such as m ajor trau ...