DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... al., 1981; Woodruff et al., 2011). The penumbra is the prime target of stroke therapeutics because it is potentially salvageable after the onset of stroke (Dirnagl et al., 1999). This may be achieved following timely reperfusion within 6-8 hours (Kaufmann et al., 1999). The brain injury and neurolog ...
... al., 1981; Woodruff et al., 2011). The penumbra is the prime target of stroke therapeutics because it is potentially salvageable after the onset of stroke (Dirnagl et al., 1999). This may be achieved following timely reperfusion within 6-8 hours (Kaufmann et al., 1999). The brain injury and neurolog ...
- White Rose Research Online
... interneurons forming most of the remaining cell population. Despite their comparatively small number, the GABAergic fastspiking interneurons (FSIs) in particular exert a very strong influence on the MSNs [20–22], receive input from similar sources, and are interconnected by both chemical synapses an ...
... interneurons forming most of the remaining cell population. Despite their comparatively small number, the GABAergic fastspiking interneurons (FSIs) in particular exert a very strong influence on the MSNs [20–22], receive input from similar sources, and are interconnected by both chemical synapses an ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... all reward trials but not in no-reward trials. Since the same characteristic activity changes were observed in the ‘Visible food reward’ task (not shown), where actual food or an empty tray was presented as the cue, the differential activity observed in this neuron is not considered to be related t ...
... all reward trials but not in no-reward trials. Since the same characteristic activity changes were observed in the ‘Visible food reward’ task (not shown), where actual food or an empty tray was presented as the cue, the differential activity observed in this neuron is not considered to be related t ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system is the principal motor system for controlling movements that require the greatest skill and flexibility. It is the last motor system to develop. The pattern of termination of corticospinal axons, as they grow into the spinal gray matter, bears little resemblance to the patte ...
... The corticospinal system is the principal motor system for controlling movements that require the greatest skill and flexibility. It is the last motor system to develop. The pattern of termination of corticospinal axons, as they grow into the spinal gray matter, bears little resemblance to the patte ...
Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... PDF c ycling. To determine whether the amount of PDF in the central brain terminals varies during the LD cycle, flies of the lines elav-gal4; UAS-pdf, Mz1525-gal4;UAS-pdf, and pdf-gal4;UAS-pdf were dissected at two different time points. PDH immunoreactivity was found to be strongest 1–3 hr after li ...
... PDF c ycling. To determine whether the amount of PDF in the central brain terminals varies during the LD cycle, flies of the lines elav-gal4; UAS-pdf, Mz1525-gal4;UAS-pdf, and pdf-gal4;UAS-pdf were dissected at two different time points. PDH immunoreactivity was found to be strongest 1–3 hr after li ...
Learning of Sequences of Finger Movements and Timing: Frontal
... 2002; 10.1152/jn.00116.2002. Motor sequence learning involves learning of a sequence of effectors with which to execute a series of movements and learning of a sequence of timings at which to execute the movements. In this study, we have segregated the neural correlates of the two learning mechanism ...
... 2002; 10.1152/jn.00116.2002. Motor sequence learning involves learning of a sequence of effectors with which to execute a series of movements and learning of a sequence of timings at which to execute the movements. In this study, we have segregated the neural correlates of the two learning mechanism ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... increases the firing rate of LC neurons through a direct (TTX- and cadmium-insensitive) mechanism by decreasing a potassium conductance. The CRH-evoked activation of LC neurons is, at least in part, mediated by CRH1 receptors and a cAMP-dependent second messenger system. These data provide additiona ...
... increases the firing rate of LC neurons through a direct (TTX- and cadmium-insensitive) mechanism by decreasing a potassium conductance. The CRH-evoked activation of LC neurons is, at least in part, mediated by CRH1 receptors and a cAMP-dependent second messenger system. These data provide additiona ...
Words in the brain`s language
... Abstract: If the cortex is an associative memory, strongly connected cell assemblies will form when neurons in different cortical areas are frequently active at the same time. The cortical distributions of these assemblies must be a consequence of where in the cortex correlated neuronal activity occ ...
... Abstract: If the cortex is an associative memory, strongly connected cell assemblies will form when neurons in different cortical areas are frequently active at the same time. The cortical distributions of these assemblies must be a consequence of where in the cortex correlated neuronal activity occ ...
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
... In FIG. 1c, the region between two vertical lines appears darker than the regions outside the lines. Actually, the luminance in the middle of the central region is the same as that at the right and left margins of the figure. This is known as the Craik–O’Brien–Cornsweet illusion22,23. A rapid change ...
... In FIG. 1c, the region between two vertical lines appears darker than the regions outside the lines. Actually, the luminance in the middle of the central region is the same as that at the right and left margins of the figure. This is known as the Craik–O’Brien–Cornsweet illusion22,23. A rapid change ...
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three
... dynamic stimulation and their response to static tilt, these neurons were classified as vertical semicircular canal related (n Å 79, 71.2%) or otolith related (n Å 25; 22.5%). Only seven neurons did not follow the usual response pattern and were classified as complex neurons. For the vertical canal- ...
... dynamic stimulation and their response to static tilt, these neurons were classified as vertical semicircular canal related (n Å 79, 71.2%) or otolith related (n Å 25; 22.5%). Only seven neurons did not follow the usual response pattern and were classified as complex neurons. For the vertical canal- ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... constructing databanks on the connections and functional attributes of cortical areas. Here we used quantitative approaches to cortical mapping to investigate (i) if architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in adult rhesus monkeys have unique profiles and (ii) if groups of architectonic areas be ...
... constructing databanks on the connections and functional attributes of cortical areas. Here we used quantitative approaches to cortical mapping to investigate (i) if architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in adult rhesus monkeys have unique profiles and (ii) if groups of architectonic areas be ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... actual formation of specific synaptic connections, is the set of monosynaptic excitatory connections between muscle spindle afferent fibers and motoneurons projecting to limb muscles. These are the connections that underlie the simple myotatic stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made fro ...
... actual formation of specific synaptic connections, is the set of monosynaptic excitatory connections between muscle spindle afferent fibers and motoneurons projecting to limb muscles. These are the connections that underlie the simple myotatic stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made fro ...
The auditory cortex
... shown. It is important to note that all the topographies shown (1-6) and the excitation by contralateral and ipsilateral ear (EE) and excitation by contralateral and inhibition by ipsilateral ear (EI) clusters are superimposed on every isofrequency stripe that can be considered. For better visibilit ...
... shown. It is important to note that all the topographies shown (1-6) and the excitation by contralateral and ipsilateral ear (EE) and excitation by contralateral and inhibition by ipsilateral ear (EI) clusters are superimposed on every isofrequency stripe that can be considered. For better visibilit ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... The ratio of LOC to MOC neurons is also variable among species. In the extreme, a bat species similar to the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, lacks MOC neurons; in contrast, guinea pigs have approximately equal numbers of LOC and MOC neurons (Aschoff and Ostwald 1987). In cats and mice, the percent ...
... The ratio of LOC to MOC neurons is also variable among species. In the extreme, a bat species similar to the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi, lacks MOC neurons; in contrast, guinea pigs have approximately equal numbers of LOC and MOC neurons (Aschoff and Ostwald 1987). In cats and mice, the percent ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... and Christopher J. Frederickson. Rapid translocation of Zn2⫹ from presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extrace ...
... and Christopher J. Frederickson. Rapid translocation of Zn2⫹ from presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extrace ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfactory receptor neurons that express the same odorant receptor project to the same glomerulus in the brain, and so most individual stimuli are encoded by the combined ac ...
... Most individual odor stimuli activate multiple odorant receptors and thus multiple types of olfactory receptor neurons. All the olfactory receptor neurons that express the same odorant receptor project to the same glomerulus in the brain, and so most individual stimuli are encoded by the combined ac ...
Corina Wirth and Hans
... against the bath electrode. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the traces were averaged (n ⫽ 15–20). Because spike activity can be detected with MEA electrodes at distances of ⱕ100 m (Egert et al. 2002), we assume that each electrode records additional weak signals from neurons located close to ...
... against the bath electrode. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the traces were averaged (n ⫽ 15–20). Because spike activity can be detected with MEA electrodes at distances of ⱕ100 m (Egert et al. 2002), we assume that each electrode records additional weak signals from neurons located close to ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan and Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan ...
... Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan and Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
PDE5 Exists in Human Neurons and is a Viable Therapeutic Target
... for a variety of neurologic diseases. Although many of these studies have focused on Alzheimer’s disease, the PDE5 literature suggests that PDE5 inhibition may be therapeutic in a variety of neurological disorders (see Discussion). Despite the successes in the animal literature, PDE5 inhibitors have ...
... for a variety of neurologic diseases. Although many of these studies have focused on Alzheimer’s disease, the PDE5 literature suggests that PDE5 inhibition may be therapeutic in a variety of neurological disorders (see Discussion). Despite the successes in the animal literature, PDE5 inhibitors have ...
Chapter 3 Overlapping circuits for relative value and selective
... not yet been investigated. Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread acro ...
... not yet been investigated. Here we wished to gain insight into the effects of reward expectancy on neuronal activity in area V1 of macaque monkeys. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the relation between reward expectancy and attention (Maunsell, 2004). The effects of attention are as widespread acro ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... distribution patterns was performed in the MBs where clones of mCD8-GFP-postive dendrites happened to alternate with clones of rCD2-labeled dendrites (e.g. Fig. 2C). When the MBs were photo-sectioned from the cell body region to the lobes (Fig. 2B), we noticed that two front clones (AM and AL) flank ...
... distribution patterns was performed in the MBs where clones of mCD8-GFP-postive dendrites happened to alternate with clones of rCD2-labeled dendrites (e.g. Fig. 2C). When the MBs were photo-sectioned from the cell body region to the lobes (Fig. 2B), we noticed that two front clones (AM and AL) flank ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... Neurons in the central nervous system that send their axons to muscles, controlling their contraction. Plasticity of neural connections The alteration of synaptic connections. Injury to neurons, especially in fishes, prompts regeneration of axons which may grow into normal and abnormal target areas. ...
... Neurons in the central nervous system that send their axons to muscles, controlling their contraction. Plasticity of neural connections The alteration of synaptic connections. Injury to neurons, especially in fishes, prompts regeneration of axons which may grow into normal and abnormal target areas. ...
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... School and Dartmouth Giesel School of Medicine. Triple-transgenic animals were generated by breeding Tac1::IRES-cre (Harris et al., 2014) mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: FPDi (Ray et al., 2011) mice, Pet1::Flpe, RC::FrePe (Brust et al., 2014) mice, or Pet1::Fl ...
... School and Dartmouth Giesel School of Medicine. Triple-transgenic animals were generated by breeding Tac1::IRES-cre (Harris et al., 2014) mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: FPDi (Ray et al., 2011) mice, Pet1::Flpe, RC::FrePe (Brust et al., 2014) mice, or Pet1::Fl ...