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Disruptive Selection and then What?
Disruptive Selection and then What?

... Chapter 6 ...
Pfennig and Kingsolver
Pfennig and Kingsolver

... shown how the innumerable species inhabiting this world have been modified …” (emphasis added). Thus, Darwin recognized that no theory of evolution would be complete if it failed to provide a plausible mechanism that could explain how living things change over evolutionary time. Darwin’s Theory of ...
Coyne et al 2000 Evolution 54
Coyne et al 2000 Evolution 54

... position is unreasonable. They assert, in particular, that we adhere to what they call ‘‘Fisher’s ‘large population size theory’ (LST),’’ which maintains that natural populations are not subdivided, allelic effects are independent of environmental and genetic backgrounds, and that speciation occurs ...
Document
Document

... This has been one of the central components of evolutionary theories, especially those concerning life history traits (Stearns 1989). Although genes with antagonistic effects on diverse phenotypes have been identified (Longo and Finch 2003; Wang et al. 2005; Fernandez 2010), the contribution of these ...
View/Open - Rice Scholarship Home
View/Open - Rice Scholarship Home

... will in the course of time bring about the diminution of unfitness and the general prevalence of fitness. Darwin showed in masterly manner that the greater elimination of unfit individuals in each generation and the more general preservation of better fitted ones would gradually improve the standard ...
Did Darwin Write the Origin Backwards? Philosophical Essays on
Did Darwin Write the Origin Backwards? Philosophical Essays on

... the tree. That is, why go through all the trouble of invoking God when Darwin’s theory does just fine? In that light, Sober’s painstaking attempts to unravel the supposed inconsistencies between evolutionary theory and theism end up looking like so much labor lost and quite beside the point. But sup ...
Unit 1 (Intro and Natural Selection)
Unit 1 (Intro and Natural Selection)

... 4. Design and conduct a controlled experiment. (In Class) 5. Write scientific predictions in the form of if…then statements. (In Class) 6. Demonstrate safety measures in the biology laboratory. (In Class) 7. Use a common measurement system. (In Class) 8. Define pseudoscience and differentiate pseudo ...
Natural Selection, Variation, Adaptation, and Evolution: A Primer of
Natural Selection, Variation, Adaptation, and Evolution: A Primer of

... Heritability: the proportion of the total phenotypic variance that is accounted for by genetic effects. Narrow-sense heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variance made up of only additive genetic variance, and it determines the response to selection in panmictic populations Gene: in evolutio ...
Drift, not selection, shapes toll-like receptor variation among oceanic
Drift, not selection, shapes toll-like receptor variation among oceanic

... and distribution of functional genetic diversity among natural populations is a key issue in evolutionary and conservation biology. To do so accurately genetic data must be analysed in conjunction with an unambiguous understanding of the historical processes that have acted upon the populations. Her ...
Definition of historical models of gene function and their relation to
Definition of historical models of gene function and their relation to

... with different theoretical backgrounds. No HOS is then possible since it implies that scientific knowledge grows linearly and is context independent and no progression between the models can be seen and grasped. Instead it implies that different models of a phenomenon constitute a coherent whole, an ...
Predictions of Patterns of Response to Artificial Selection
Predictions of Patterns of Response to Artificial Selection

... and the decline in genetic variance in the population is due solely to drift (Fisher 1918; Robertson 1960; Bulmer 1980). At its simplest, this model predicts the limiting response is 2Ne times the initial response to selection in the base population, where Ne is the effective size of the selected po ...
File - Ms. Tripp
File - Ms. Tripp

... 13.6 Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution • Three key points about evolution by natural selection. 1. Although natural selection occurs through interactions between individuals and the environment, individuals do not evolve. Rather, it is the population that evolves over ...
Evolution of Synonymous Codon Usage in Neurospora tetrasperma
Evolution of Synonymous Codon Usage in Neurospora tetrasperma

... Mouchiroud 1999; Duret 2000; Stoletzki and Eyre-Walker 2006). The hypothesis that codon usage is driven by selection has been supported by findings that codon usage biases are correlated to tRNA abundance (Ikemura 1982, 1985; Duret 2000). In addition, codon usage bias has been positively correlated ...
Management Perspectives Polled or Scurred: Do You Know the
Management Perspectives Polled or Scurred: Do You Know the

... the sex of the animal. In Not at all unexpected, males, the scur gene is or untypical when a single dominant, meaning that trait becomes the focus scurs will be present if of intense breeding, other even only one copy of the genetic-related discovergene is present. ThereScurs are small, loose, horny ...
Pollinatormediated selection and experimental manipulation of the
Pollinatormediated selection and experimental manipulation of the

... buds were selected at random on each individual: one bud was used to take measurements of floral traits once it was completely open and the other bud was used in the manipulative experiment, modifying it according to the allocated treatment. To assess the importance of floral traits on reproductive su ...
A Darwinist View of the Living Constitution
A Darwinist View of the Living Constitution

... Part I has introduced the metaphor of a "living" Constitution, posed some preliminary questions about the metaphor, and underscored why we ought to care about it. Part II frames the concept of the "living" Constitution as a powerful biological metaphor characterizing the Constitution as a living org ...
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS)

... identification protocols for identification of Aeromonas sp. were also followed by other researcher [9, 8]. Of the 56 isolates, 11(19.64%) isolates were found non hemolytic and remaining 45(80.35%) were found β-hemolytic on 5% sheep blood agar. The reproducibility of the hemolysis data for all isola ...
Mining Multi-Faceted Overviews of Arbitrary Topics in a Text Collection
Mining Multi-Faceted Overviews of Arbitrary Topics in a Text Collection

... • We show the top 10 words of each facet model after 10 iterations of expansion with 50 MI neighbors. (Due to space limit, the probabilities of these terms are not shown.) • In facet GP, we see terms like“encode”now ranked very high, which is actually a very informative term indicating gene product ...
Optimizing selection for quantitative traits with information on an
Optimizing selection for quantitative traits with information on an

... can maximize genetic progress in the short term (i.e. in the current generation), they may not maximize response to selection in the longer term. In fact, Gibson (1994) found that traditional selection, based on phenotypic information alone, resulted in greater genetic improvement in the longer term ...
A Bayesian Network Classification Methodology for Gene
A Bayesian Network Classification Methodology for Gene

... of its parents (immediate ancestors) in the graph are known; i.e., a node n’s parents render n and its nondescendants conditionally independent. It follows from these conditional independence assertions and the laws of probability that once a conditional distribution is associated with each node, sp ...
Aalborg Universitet The reason why profitable firms do not necessarily grow
Aalborg Universitet The reason why profitable firms do not necessarily grow

... and the indirect effects on that characteristic of (artificial) selection working on other characteristics. To confront this difficulty the Chicago School has provided two new tools (under the assumption of multivariate normal distribution; otherwise things get complex). The first tool is the vector ...
Beaks of Finches
Beaks of Finches

... a. What two types of food would you expect to be available on this island? Animal food (such as insects) and plant food (such as seeds) b. Would you expect the two species to compete for food on this island? No, they would not compete because they feed on different kind of food. c. How might the two ...
Adaptive basis of codon usage in the haploid moss
Adaptive basis of codon usage in the haploid moss

... lack of translational selection in mammals and some Drosophila species has been explained by their relatively small effective population sizes, meaning that genetic drift will dominate the evolutionary dynamics of mutations that only differ marginally in fitness (Shields et al, 1988; Sharp et al, 19 ...
Origins of evolutionary transitions
Origins of evolutionary transitions

... High relatedness among the parts of an organism aligns their evolutionary interests (Hamilton 1964). Immune surveillance ameliorates the problem of cheaters in symbiotic complexes (Gilbert et al. 2012, p. 333). Most of the current debate now concerns the extent to which different mechanisms are suff ...
Regents Biology
Regents Biology

... remains of structures that were functional in ancestors  evidence of change over time ...
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The Selfish Gene

The Selfish Gene is a book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, published in 1976. It builds upon the principal theory of George C. Williams's first book Adaptation and Natural Selection. Dawkins used the term ""selfish gene"" as a way of expressing the gene-centred view of evolution as opposed to the views focused on the organism and the group, popularising ideas developed during the 1960s by W. D. Hamilton and others. From the gene-centred view follows that the more two individuals are genetically related, the more sense (at the level of the genes) it makes for them to behave selflessly with each other. This should not be confused with misuse of the term along the lines of a selfishness gene.An organism is expected to evolve to maximise its inclusive fitness—the number of copies of its genes passed on globally (rather than by a particular individual). As a result, populations will tend towards an evolutionarily stable strategy. The book also coins the term meme for a unit of human cultural evolution analogous to the gene, suggesting that such ""selfish"" replication may also model human culture, in a different sense. Memetics has become the subject of many studies since the publication of the book.In the foreword to the book's 30th-anniversary edition, Dawkins said he ""can readily see that [the book's title] might give an inadequate impression of its contents"" and in retrospect thinks he should have taken Tom Maschler's advice and called the book The Immortal Gene.
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