Probabilistic causation and the explanatory role of natural selection
... 3. Explaining the propagation and maintenance of traits Since Darwin’s and Wallace’s (1858) and Darwin’s (1859) foundational works, the only consensus about the explanatory role of natural selection is that it explains the propagation of new mutant traits (and lost of the wild-type) and the maintena ...
... 3. Explaining the propagation and maintenance of traits Since Darwin’s and Wallace’s (1858) and Darwin’s (1859) foundational works, the only consensus about the explanatory role of natural selection is that it explains the propagation of new mutant traits (and lost of the wild-type) and the maintena ...
Ecological explanations for (incomplete) speciation
... increase through time via non-ecological processes such as random genetic drift. Specifically, data on niche divergence or selection can be added to the regression method used to study the relationship between reproductive isolation and time alone, where time is generally inferred using genetic dist ...
... increase through time via non-ecological processes such as random genetic drift. Specifically, data on niche divergence or selection can be added to the regression method used to study the relationship between reproductive isolation and time alone, where time is generally inferred using genetic dist ...
I`m Looking Over a White Striped Clover Case Study
... To understand why cyanide producing/striped clover is found at a higher frequency in North Carolina than in Minnesota, you must consider the “fitness” of each variant in the different habitats available in the two states. Fitness is determined by the ability of an organism to survive, grow, and repr ...
... To understand why cyanide producing/striped clover is found at a higher frequency in North Carolina than in Minnesota, you must consider the “fitness” of each variant in the different habitats available in the two states. Fitness is determined by the ability of an organism to survive, grow, and repr ...
Young Children Can Be Taught Basic Natural Selection
... specialization of living things. Despite this, decades of studies have demonstrated that adaptation by natural selection is one of the most widely misunderstood concepts in science. Misconceptions are not only widespread among high school students and undergraduates (Bishop & Anderson, 1990; Brumby, ...
... specialization of living things. Despite this, decades of studies have demonstrated that adaptation by natural selection is one of the most widely misunderstood concepts in science. Misconceptions are not only widespread among high school students and undergraduates (Bishop & Anderson, 1990; Brumby, ...
Proceedings of the Pittsburgh Workshop in History - Philsci
... realistic models with finite population size, this probabilistic inference loses strength (how much depends on the population size and the selection differentials). Not only are such models more realistic, they are much more interesting when one is concerned with the relationship between drift and s ...
... realistic models with finite population size, this probabilistic inference loses strength (how much depends on the population size and the selection differentials). Not only are such models more realistic, they are much more interesting when one is concerned with the relationship between drift and s ...
Non-genetic Transmission of Memes by Diffusion
... fields of arts, digital media, business, finance, science and engineering. Within this growing trend, which relies heavily on state-of-theart optimization and design strategies, the methodology known as Memetic Algorithms is, perhaps, one of the most successful stories. Inspired by both Darwinian pr ...
... fields of arts, digital media, business, finance, science and engineering. Within this growing trend, which relies heavily on state-of-theart optimization and design strategies, the methodology known as Memetic Algorithms is, perhaps, one of the most successful stories. Inspired by both Darwinian pr ...
Conceptual Barriers to Progress Within Evolutionary Biology
... a result, it is difficult or impossible for evolutionary biologists to describe changes in selection caused by niche-construction as evolutionarily causal. Instead, standard evolutionary theory is forced by its own explanatory reference device to “explain away” all observed instances of niche constr ...
... a result, it is difficult or impossible for evolutionary biologists to describe changes in selection caused by niche-construction as evolutionarily causal. Instead, standard evolutionary theory is forced by its own explanatory reference device to “explain away” all observed instances of niche constr ...
PCR Amplification, Sequencing of 16S rRNA Genes with Universal
... Pseudomonas aeruginosa have often been based on sequencing of 16S rRNA gene region. Distance tree was constructed to find out genetic similarity between the organisms. Hence gene sequencing of 16S rRNA region was a suitable technique to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa at molecular level. ...
... Pseudomonas aeruginosa have often been based on sequencing of 16S rRNA gene region. Distance tree was constructed to find out genetic similarity between the organisms. Hence gene sequencing of 16S rRNA region was a suitable technique to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa at molecular level. ...
Predicting Microevolutionary Responses to Directional Selection on
... lem, especially for the study of animals that often disperse illustrate an important assumption in the study of microevoover long distances or live in cryptic (soil) or otherwise large- lution: that the environments experienced during growth to ly inaccessible (marine) habitats. For these and other ...
... lem, especially for the study of animals that often disperse illustrate an important assumption in the study of microevoover long distances or live in cryptic (soil) or otherwise large- lution: that the environments experienced during growth to ly inaccessible (marine) habitats. For these and other ...
Genome-wide search for signatures of selection in three
... interest (Hayes et al., 2008; Nielsen, 2001, 2005; Schlötterer, 2003). The domestication process, breed development and the more recent progress in animal breeding methods such as genetic improvement programs, have led to species modifications which are of interest to animal science from morphologica ...
... interest (Hayes et al., 2008; Nielsen, 2001, 2005; Schlötterer, 2003). The domestication process, breed development and the more recent progress in animal breeding methods such as genetic improvement programs, have led to species modifications which are of interest to animal science from morphologica ...
The role of weak selection and high mutation rates in nearly neutral
... Mutations resulting in a small change to reproductive ability are common in both coding and non-coding regions of the genome [Ohta, 1997], arising for example via the stability of RNA folding [Aita et al., 2003], gene regulation [Ohta, 2002] and increased efficiency of shorter genomes. Under the nea ...
... Mutations resulting in a small change to reproductive ability are common in both coding and non-coding regions of the genome [Ohta, 1997], arising for example via the stability of RNA folding [Aita et al., 2003], gene regulation [Ohta, 2002] and increased efficiency of shorter genomes. Under the nea ...
Honey, I shrunk the organization: in search of
... personality. In chemistry and physics, uniqueness of elements is attributed to the very specific structure of their inner components. In evolutionary biology, the common thread is to attribute uniqueness to some characteristic that endows an organism, i.e. genes. All these metaphors have been explor ...
... personality. In chemistry and physics, uniqueness of elements is attributed to the very specific structure of their inner components. In evolutionary biology, the common thread is to attribute uniqueness to some characteristic that endows an organism, i.e. genes. All these metaphors have been explor ...
Sequence and RFLP analysis of the elongation factor Tu gene used
... have already been used to differentiate closely related strains of the aster yellows and X-disease group which were indistinguishable in their 16s rDNA profiles (Gundersen et al., 1996). The tuf gene was examined as a possible candidate for the classification of phytoplasmas. This conserved gene enc ...
... have already been used to differentiate closely related strains of the aster yellows and X-disease group which were indistinguishable in their 16s rDNA profiles (Gundersen et al., 1996). The tuf gene was examined as a possible candidate for the classification of phytoplasmas. This conserved gene enc ...
1 Article: Investigation Evidence for Stabilizing Selection on Codon
... arrangements that were generated through a series of >30 overlapping paracentric inversion mutations. This gene arrangement polymorphism has been stable in natural populations for over seventy years (Figure 1A; Dobzhansky and Sturtevant 1938). Frequencies of particular chromosome arrangements form a ...
... arrangements that were generated through a series of >30 overlapping paracentric inversion mutations. This gene arrangement polymorphism has been stable in natural populations for over seventy years (Figure 1A; Dobzhansky and Sturtevant 1938). Frequencies of particular chromosome arrangements form a ...
Chapter 13
... A large gene pool with great genetic diversity is more likely to contain genetic combinations that will allow some individuals to adapt to changing environments. Characteristics that may allow individuals to ...
... A large gene pool with great genetic diversity is more likely to contain genetic combinations that will allow some individuals to adapt to changing environments. Characteristics that may allow individuals to ...
letters - Centre for Social Evolution
... the N. vitripennis protein sequence as a further distant out-group (,120 Myr of divergence) in our gene tree analysis (Fig. 3b) and again found a clustering of honeybee Csd and Fem proteins and no evidence for relative differences in substitution rates (relative rate test, Supplementary Table 2). In ...
... the N. vitripennis protein sequence as a further distant out-group (,120 Myr of divergence) in our gene tree analysis (Fig. 3b) and again found a clustering of honeybee Csd and Fem proteins and no evidence for relative differences in substitution rates (relative rate test, Supplementary Table 2). In ...
Wright`s adaptive landscape versus Fisher`s fundamental theorem
... I think Wright is correct in saying that what really was at stake in the argument with Fisher over the evolution of dominance was not the particular problem of dominance but their differing conceptions of evolution. If either was correct on the evolution of dominance, it was perceived by the other ...
... I think Wright is correct in saying that what really was at stake in the argument with Fisher over the evolution of dominance was not the particular problem of dominance but their differing conceptions of evolution. If either was correct on the evolution of dominance, it was perceived by the other ...
Ellstrand 2014
... thought”; for example, “in plants … there is considerable evidence that distances from 50 feet (15 m) to a few miles (several kilometers) may effectively isolate populations” (Ehrlich and Raven, 1969, p. 1229). They predicted “gene flow eventually might be discovered to play a rather insignificant r ...
... thought”; for example, “in plants … there is considerable evidence that distances from 50 feet (15 m) to a few miles (several kilometers) may effectively isolate populations” (Ehrlich and Raven, 1969, p. 1229). They predicted “gene flow eventually might be discovered to play a rather insignificant r ...
this PDF file - E-Journal Faculty of Medicine Universitas
... In the homozygous state there is a decrease in enzyme functions up to 60%. Meanwhile, in heterozygotes, the decrease is only about 30%. MTHFR C677T polymorphism gene may alter folate metabolism and low folate intake may result in increased levels of homocysteine. This may lead to a decrease in DNA m ...
... In the homozygous state there is a decrease in enzyme functions up to 60%. Meanwhile, in heterozygotes, the decrease is only about 30%. MTHFR C677T polymorphism gene may alter folate metabolism and low folate intake may result in increased levels of homocysteine. This may lead to a decrease in DNA m ...
Ecological genetics of floral evolution
... on the change in the mean of a trait due to directional selection only, and do not model changes in trait variance caused by stabilizing and disruptive selection (cf. Chapter 13). These equations differ in scope: the first considers evolution in one trait only, whereas the second is multivariate, co ...
... on the change in the mean of a trait due to directional selection only, and do not model changes in trait variance caused by stabilizing and disruptive selection (cf. Chapter 13). These equations differ in scope: the first considers evolution in one trait only, whereas the second is multivariate, co ...
The Trials of Life: Natural Selection and Random Drift*
... population as a whole are more likely to diverge from the predicted outcome than if the population is not subdivided. (ii) Hagedoorn Effect: Mendel’s law of segregation predicts equal numbers of each of a parent’s alleles in the gamete pool. But, given that each individual produces only a small numb ...
... population as a whole are more likely to diverge from the predicted outcome than if the population is not subdivided. (ii) Hagedoorn Effect: Mendel’s law of segregation predicts equal numbers of each of a parent’s alleles in the gamete pool. But, given that each individual produces only a small numb ...
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... 11) Which of the following assumptions or observations is not part of Darwin's idea of natural selection? A) Whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance. B) Heritable traits that promote successful reproduction should gradually become more common in a pop ...
... 11) Which of the following assumptions or observations is not part of Darwin's idea of natural selection? A) Whether an organism survives and reproduces is almost entirely a matter of random chance. B) Heritable traits that promote successful reproduction should gradually become more common in a pop ...
Chapter 3: Darwinian Natural Selection
... increases its fitness relative to individuals without the trait. Darwin’s mechanism of evolution was, incidentally, discovered independently by a colleague of Darwin’s named Alfred Russel Wallace.Though trained in England, Wallace had been making his living in Malaysia by selling natural history spe ...
... increases its fitness relative to individuals without the trait. Darwin’s mechanism of evolution was, incidentally, discovered independently by a colleague of Darwin’s named Alfred Russel Wallace.Though trained in England, Wallace had been making his living in Malaysia by selling natural history spe ...
Modularity, individuality, and evo
... presumably reflect the shared developmental basis of the different eyespots (19, 21). Indeed, all butterfly eyespots are formed around groups of central organizing cells that show a characteristic expression of several wing patterning genes (21, 24–26). The whole pattern, rather than each individual ...
... presumably reflect the shared developmental basis of the different eyespots (19, 21). Indeed, all butterfly eyespots are formed around groups of central organizing cells that show a characteristic expression of several wing patterning genes (21, 24–26). The whole pattern, rather than each individual ...
Slide 1
... equilibrium prop. of V/C hawks • what if individuals play mixed strategies? assume individual 1 plays hawk with prob. y1 and social interactant plays hawk with prob. y2, fitness of individual 1 is then w1(y1, y2)=w0+(1-y1).(1- y2).V/2+y1.(1- y2).V+y1. y2.(V-C)/2 • invasion fitness, i.e. fitness of i ...
... equilibrium prop. of V/C hawks • what if individuals play mixed strategies? assume individual 1 plays hawk with prob. y1 and social interactant plays hawk with prob. y2, fitness of individual 1 is then w1(y1, y2)=w0+(1-y1).(1- y2).V/2+y1.(1- y2).V+y1. y2.(V-C)/2 • invasion fitness, i.e. fitness of i ...