Estonian HumanGenesResearchAct.
... It is prohibited to influence a person’s decision to become a gene donor, including by threatening the person with negative consequences, promising material benefits or providing subjective information. ...
... It is prohibited to influence a person’s decision to become a gene donor, including by threatening the person with negative consequences, promising material benefits or providing subjective information. ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Gene cassettes
... *Cassettes are named after the gene they encode. However, the gene nomenclature used here may differ from that found in the original publications, and in many cases the genes have not previously been assigned names. As an agreed numbering system for the aacA and aatC genes is not currently available ...
... *Cassettes are named after the gene they encode. However, the gene nomenclature used here may differ from that found in the original publications, and in many cases the genes have not previously been assigned names. As an agreed numbering system for the aacA and aatC genes is not currently available ...
A general model of the relation between phenotypic selection and
... 195 1; Falconer, 198 1). Natural selection can only be adequately described if all the relevant traits and constraints among traits are taken into account (Lande and Arnold, 1983; Burger, 1986; Arnold, 1992). It seems important to safeguard ourselves against situations in which this is uncertain. ...
... 195 1; Falconer, 198 1). Natural selection can only be adequately described if all the relevant traits and constraints among traits are taken into account (Lande and Arnold, 1983; Burger, 1986; Arnold, 1992). It seems important to safeguard ourselves against situations in which this is uncertain. ...
Mechanisms of Evolution
... random chance. It occurs if a population is not infinite in size. In populations that are not infinitely large, there will be random error in which alleles are passed from generation, and allele frequencies will change at random. Since no population is really infinitely large, there is always some g ...
... random chance. It occurs if a population is not infinite in size. In populations that are not infinitely large, there will be random error in which alleles are passed from generation, and allele frequencies will change at random. Since no population is really infinitely large, there is always some g ...
Natural selection and population dynamics
... neighbouring populations (the rescue effect), climatically driven spatially correlated density fluctuations, and other ecological and environmental processes [32,70]. In addition, elevated inbreeding in small populations further increases the extinction risk [27]. An important message from this stud ...
... neighbouring populations (the rescue effect), climatically driven spatially correlated density fluctuations, and other ecological and environmental processes [32,70]. In addition, elevated inbreeding in small populations further increases the extinction risk [27]. An important message from this stud ...
Estimating lethal allele frequencies in complex pedigrees via gene
... expected lethal allele frequency from known individual genotypes (carriers) among a set of relevant ancestors. Here we used a Fortran program written by LIDAUER and ESSL (1994) based on a concept developed by ALLAIRE et al. (1982). With this program, only six generations of each reference animal are ...
... expected lethal allele frequency from known individual genotypes (carriers) among a set of relevant ancestors. Here we used a Fortran program written by LIDAUER and ESSL (1994) based on a concept developed by ALLAIRE et al. (1982). With this program, only six generations of each reference animal are ...
Natural Selection in Relation to Complexity
... level of selective percolation as the background to occasional episodes of secular evolutionary change. And here we also see selection entangled in a mesh of extensional complexity that it cannot be held responsible for having produced as a result of promoting the currently best organismic traits wi ...
... level of selective percolation as the background to occasional episodes of secular evolutionary change. And here we also see selection entangled in a mesh of extensional complexity that it cannot be held responsible for having produced as a result of promoting the currently best organismic traits wi ...
the contribution of gene movement to the two rules of speciation
... genetic mechanisms that cause them are still unclear. Two predominant explanations—the “dominance theory” and faster male evolution—both have some empirical support, suggesting that the genetic basis of these rules is likely multifarious. We revisit one historical explanation for these rules, based ...
... genetic mechanisms that cause them are still unclear. Two predominant explanations—the “dominance theory” and faster male evolution—both have some empirical support, suggesting that the genetic basis of these rules is likely multifarious. We revisit one historical explanation for these rules, based ...
Application No. DIR 108 SUMMARY INFORMATION
... the Environment Minister. While the Regulator is not required to seek public comment at this stage, copies of the application are available on request from the OGTR. In a second round of consultation, the Regulator will seek comment on the consultation RARMP from the public as well as prescribed exp ...
... the Environment Minister. While the Regulator is not required to seek public comment at this stage, copies of the application are available on request from the OGTR. In a second round of consultation, the Regulator will seek comment on the consultation RARMP from the public as well as prescribed exp ...
Colonies Are Individuals: Revisiting the Superorganism Revival
... what respect, in order to qualify as superorganisms. Furthermore, given the diversity of organismality, the appeal of the similarity approach cited by Moritz and Fuchs appears, at least, to grow ever more dilute. What is insightful about Moritz and Fuch’s account are the biological claims about colo ...
... what respect, in order to qualify as superorganisms. Furthermore, given the diversity of organismality, the appeal of the similarity approach cited by Moritz and Fuchs appears, at least, to grow ever more dilute. What is insightful about Moritz and Fuch’s account are the biological claims about colo ...
Synonymous Codon Usage, Accuracy of Translation, and Gene
... amino acids that are evolutionary conserved than at “nonconstrained” codons encoding for nonconserved amino acids. Until now, this prediction was tested and validated only in Drosophila by Akashi (1994) with a method based on comparative statistical tests. Here we show that a new index defined as th ...
... amino acids that are evolutionary conserved than at “nonconstrained” codons encoding for nonconserved amino acids. Until now, this prediction was tested and validated only in Drosophila by Akashi (1994) with a method based on comparative statistical tests. Here we show that a new index defined as th ...
Title Changes in the Concept of "Fitness" in Evolutionary Biology
... Darwin accepted Wallace's criticism, he doubted that there would be any effect of replacing natural selection with "survival of the fittest." "The term Natural Selection has now been so largely used abroad and at home that I doubt whether it could be given up, and with all its faults I should be sor ...
... Darwin accepted Wallace's criticism, he doubted that there would be any effect of replacing natural selection with "survival of the fittest." "The term Natural Selection has now been so largely used abroad and at home that I doubt whether it could be given up, and with all its faults I should be sor ...
Divergent Selection Drives Genetic Differentiation in an
... genetic changes influencing divergence before they become confounded with other species differences. Nevertheless, despite the rich theoretical and empirical history of clines and hybrid ...
... genetic changes influencing divergence before they become confounded with other species differences. Nevertheless, despite the rich theoretical and empirical history of clines and hybrid ...
Adaptation and Inclusive Fitness - Department of Zoology, University
... to organisms being adapted to their environments. A number of recent papers have criticised this approach, suggesting that inclusive fitness is just one of many possible mathematical methods for modelling when traits will be favoured by natural selection, and that it leads to errors, such as overemp ...
... to organisms being adapted to their environments. A number of recent papers have criticised this approach, suggesting that inclusive fitness is just one of many possible mathematical methods for modelling when traits will be favoured by natural selection, and that it leads to errors, such as overemp ...
Chapter 11: The Evolution of Populations
... This type of distribution, in which the frequency is highest near the phenotypes common for most traits is the result of polygenic mean value and decreases toward each extreme end of the range, is called a traits, which are controlled by normal distribution. When these frequency values are graphed ...
... This type of distribution, in which the frequency is highest near the phenotypes common for most traits is the result of polygenic mean value and decreases toward each extreme end of the range, is called a traits, which are controlled by normal distribution. When these frequency values are graphed ...
Kin Recognition Mechanisms: Phenotypic Matching or Recognition
... recognitionis achieved is a major challenge. Such recognitionis importantbeacts to kin ifotherfactorssuch as proximityto cause it can facilitatepreferential withotherindividualsare not correlatedwithkinshipand if nepoor familiarity tismhas been selected for. But preciselyhow is kin recognitionachiev ...
... recognitionis achieved is a major challenge. Such recognitionis importantbeacts to kin ifotherfactorssuch as proximityto cause it can facilitatepreferential withotherindividualsare not correlatedwithkinshipand if nepoor familiarity tismhas been selected for. But preciselyhow is kin recognitionachiev ...
Methods for detecting positive selection and examples among fungi
... model explains the data better. This approach is recommended if a priori knowledge is available about which lineages in a phylogeny are more likely to be under selection. If not, methods that do not require the pre-selection of branches should be used. Kosakovsky Pond and Frost (2005) have proposed ...
... model explains the data better. This approach is recommended if a priori knowledge is available about which lineages in a phylogeny are more likely to be under selection. If not, methods that do not require the pre-selection of branches should be used. Kosakovsky Pond and Frost (2005) have proposed ...
S1 Methods.
... The PCR and primers 1F+2R (see below) were used to amplify the pE/LmCherry-cro gene. The DNA was gel purified, cut with XhoI and EcoRI and cloned into XhoI- and EcoRI-cut pTM3 to create pTM3-pE/L-mCherry-cro. Plasmid pTM3-pE/LmCherry(t) was assembled using a PCR fragment amplified using primers 1F+3 ...
... The PCR and primers 1F+2R (see below) were used to amplify the pE/LmCherry-cro gene. The DNA was gel purified, cut with XhoI and EcoRI and cloned into XhoI- and EcoRI-cut pTM3 to create pTM3-pE/L-mCherry-cro. Plasmid pTM3-pE/LmCherry(t) was assembled using a PCR fragment amplified using primers 1F+3 ...
Evolution at the Subgene Level: Domain Rearrangements in
... sequence alignment is constructed. Due to the presence of domains or complicated evolutionary mechanisms, these alignments may have a block structure indicating similarity at the subgene level. (B ) In conventional phylogenetics, genes that descend from a single common ancestor are clustered into a ...
... sequence alignment is constructed. Due to the presence of domains or complicated evolutionary mechanisms, these alignments may have a block structure indicating similarity at the subgene level. (B ) In conventional phylogenetics, genes that descend from a single common ancestor are clustered into a ...
The genetical theory of social behaviour
... [P]onderous mathematical cortices skimmed my pages like flying saucers and back at their base did not always pronounce favourably on what they saw. Inclusive fitness wasn’t ‘well defined’, it was said . . . [1, p. 95] ...
... [P]onderous mathematical cortices skimmed my pages like flying saucers and back at their base did not always pronounce favourably on what they saw. Inclusive fitness wasn’t ‘well defined’, it was said . . . [1, p. 95] ...
The genetical theory of social behaviour
... [P]onderous mathematical cortices skimmed my pages like flying saucers and back at their base did not always pronounce favourably on what they saw. Inclusive fitness wasn’t ‘well defined’, it was said . . . [1, p. 95] ...
... [P]onderous mathematical cortices skimmed my pages like flying saucers and back at their base did not always pronounce favourably on what they saw. Inclusive fitness wasn’t ‘well defined’, it was said . . . [1, p. 95] ...
The genetical theory of social behaviour
... [P]onderous mathematical cortices skimmed my pages like flying saucers and back at their base did not always pronounce favourably on what they saw. Inclusive fitness wasn’t ‘well defined’, it was said . . . [1, p. 95] ...
... [P]onderous mathematical cortices skimmed my pages like flying saucers and back at their base did not always pronounce favourably on what they saw. Inclusive fitness wasn’t ‘well defined’, it was said . . . [1, p. 95] ...
how mechanistic biology can inform molecular ecology
... analytical approaches such as genome scans have made finding genes contributing to fitness variation in natural populations an increasingly feasible task. Once candidate genes are identified, we argue that it is necessary to take a mechanistic approach and work up through the levels of biological or ...
... analytical approaches such as genome scans have made finding genes contributing to fitness variation in natural populations an increasingly feasible task. Once candidate genes are identified, we argue that it is necessary to take a mechanistic approach and work up through the levels of biological or ...
Perspective Evolution Is an Experiment
... alleles is helpful for two reasons. The first is that these genes are likely to be agronomically important; the simple fact that they have been under selection in the past suggests that they have contributed to valuable traits. This approach—that is, the use of population genetics to find agronomica ...
... alleles is helpful for two reasons. The first is that these genes are likely to be agronomically important; the simple fact that they have been under selection in the past suggests that they have contributed to valuable traits. This approach—that is, the use of population genetics to find agronomica ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... terms caused misunderstandings and “provided ammunition for those opposed to behavioral ecology”, for whom such terms “implied a conscious decision by an animal - something the behavioral ecologists never intended.” Or, as stated by Ydenberg [412: 132], “in behavioral ecology the term decision is us ...
... terms caused misunderstandings and “provided ammunition for those opposed to behavioral ecology”, for whom such terms “implied a conscious decision by an animal - something the behavioral ecologists never intended.” Or, as stated by Ydenberg [412: 132], “in behavioral ecology the term decision is us ...