Impairment of a parabolic bursting rhythm by the ectopic expression
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...
... bursting activity by rSK2 overexpression is unlikely to be due to reduced spike duration, and is more likely to be due to rSK2-induced slow AHP that decays with a time constant of , 150 ms [14]. It is widely held that slowly activating, voltagedependent currents play a key role in producing the burs ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... Habenular neurons have a stereotypical unipolar morphology and their axons terminate in spiral-shaped arbors that display multiple midline crossing. (a) Three-dimensional reconstruction showing a R habenular (rHb) projection neuron in an intact 4 dpf larval zebrafish brain. Arrow indicates direction ...
... Habenular neurons have a stereotypical unipolar morphology and their axons terminate in spiral-shaped arbors that display multiple midline crossing. (a) Three-dimensional reconstruction showing a R habenular (rHb) projection neuron in an intact 4 dpf larval zebrafish brain. Arrow indicates direction ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
PDF
... Low-magnification electron micrographs (x 900-3000) of the entire crosssectional area of at least three regions along the optic nerve were made for two to three animals at each stage. Sections were traced on transparent paper and all axons larger than 0-5 /im in diameter were drawn in. The dorsovent ...
... Low-magnification electron micrographs (x 900-3000) of the entire crosssectional area of at least three regions along the optic nerve were made for two to three animals at each stage. Sections were traced on transparent paper and all axons larger than 0-5 /im in diameter were drawn in. The dorsovent ...
FREE Sample Here
... 14) When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold, a) ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly. b) voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly. c) ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly. d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly. e) none of these choices occur. ...
... 14) When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold, a) ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly. b) voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly. c) ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly. d) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly. e) none of these choices occur. ...
Endoplasmic reticulum potassium–hydrogen exchanger and small
... from the ER lumen to cytoplasm, maintains, more or less, the electroneutrality across the ER membrane (Levy et al., 1990). Theoretically, the electroneutrality could also be achieved by ER transmembrane fluxes of ions that are abundant in the cell, particularly K+, but also Na+ or Cl–. It has been p ...
... from the ER lumen to cytoplasm, maintains, more or less, the electroneutrality across the ER membrane (Levy et al., 1990). Theoretically, the electroneutrality could also be achieved by ER transmembrane fluxes of ions that are abundant in the cell, particularly K+, but also Na+ or Cl–. It has been p ...
REMODELING OF THE OPTIC NERVE DURING METAMORPHOSIS
... actions are thought to be mediated through various signaling cascades at the plasma membrane or in the cytoplasm, including free calcium, cyclic-AMP, and protein kinase signaling (Davis et al., 2008). These cascades are generally important for influencing cell proliferation and motility. Activation ...
... actions are thought to be mediated through various signaling cascades at the plasma membrane or in the cytoplasm, including free calcium, cyclic-AMP, and protein kinase signaling (Davis et al., 2008). These cascades are generally important for influencing cell proliferation and motility. Activation ...
The W cell pathway to cat primary visual cortex
... Terminals originating from the C laminae. We sampled a total of 231 synaptic boutons from layers 1, 2/3, and 5 (95 from layer 1, 69 from layer 2/3, and 67 from layer 5) in two cats. Almost half (118 boutons) were sectioned serially and completely reconstructed. The remainder (113) were less complete ...
... Terminals originating from the C laminae. We sampled a total of 231 synaptic boutons from layers 1, 2/3, and 5 (95 from layer 1, 69 from layer 2/3, and 67 from layer 5) in two cats. Almost half (118 boutons) were sectioned serially and completely reconstructed. The remainder (113) were less complete ...
Rearrangement of microtubule polarity orientation during conversion
... neurons that regenerated an axon from the tip of the dendrite, 84%–100% of microtubules in the mid-region of the original dendrite were plus end-distal (Figs. 3A, 3B, and 3E; Table 1), indicating that microtubule polarity orientation in the original dendrite changed during 24 h of culture. Although ...
... neurons that regenerated an axon from the tip of the dendrite, 84%–100% of microtubules in the mid-region of the original dendrite were plus end-distal (Figs. 3A, 3B, and 3E; Table 1), indicating that microtubule polarity orientation in the original dendrite changed during 24 h of culture. Although ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... and Guillery, 1996). A similar anatomical segregation of inhibitory inputs from intrinsic and extrinsic GABAergic neurons may facilitate complex synaptic interactions in the dendrites of TC neurons (Sherman and Guillery, 1996). This synaptic organization highlights the need to directly investigate d ...
... and Guillery, 1996). A similar anatomical segregation of inhibitory inputs from intrinsic and extrinsic GABAergic neurons may facilitate complex synaptic interactions in the dendrites of TC neurons (Sherman and Guillery, 1996). This synaptic organization highlights the need to directly investigate d ...
SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (An Autonomous Institution
... a) White matter contains many nerve cell bodies b) The myelin sheaths are formed by Schwann cells c) There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves Ans : There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves 36. Which of the following statements about the central nervous system (CNS) are correct? Please select all tha ...
... a) White matter contains many nerve cell bodies b) The myelin sheaths are formed by Schwann cells c) There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves Ans : There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves 36. Which of the following statements about the central nervous system (CNS) are correct? Please select all tha ...
Kinesin-1–syntaphilin coupling mediates activity
... Using snph mouse models and time-lapse imaging analysis in live neurons, we demonstrate that SNPH mediates the activity-dependent immobilization of axonal mitochondria by physical displacement of KIF5 from the Miro–Track (trafficking kinesin-binding protein) complex. Such a KIF5–SNPH coupling inhibi ...
... Using snph mouse models and time-lapse imaging analysis in live neurons, we demonstrate that SNPH mediates the activity-dependent immobilization of axonal mitochondria by physical displacement of KIF5 from the Miro–Track (trafficking kinesin-binding protein) complex. Such a KIF5–SNPH coupling inhibi ...
Dendritic amplification of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in a
... Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials generated by the activation of distal dendritic synapses Compound inhibitory postsynaptic potentials We first examined the propagation of IPSPs along the PC dendrite and its dependency on the activation of voltage-gated ion channels. Two model PCs, a purely passive ...
... Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials generated by the activation of distal dendritic synapses Compound inhibitory postsynaptic potentials We first examined the propagation of IPSPs along the PC dendrite and its dependency on the activation of voltage-gated ion channels. Two model PCs, a purely passive ...
Actin in Axons: Stable Scaffolds and Dynamic Filaments
... 2001). Both spectrin and ankyrin are vital to axonal integrity. In mice that lack ankyrinB, which is broadly distributed along axons, axons are fragile, and the optic nerves degenerate (Susuki and Rasband 2008). Axons break in C. elegans mutants that lack b-spectrin (Hammarlund et al. 2007). The mem ...
... 2001). Both spectrin and ankyrin are vital to axonal integrity. In mice that lack ankyrinB, which is broadly distributed along axons, axons are fragile, and the optic nerves degenerate (Susuki and Rasband 2008). Axons break in C. elegans mutants that lack b-spectrin (Hammarlund et al. 2007). The mem ...
Can mechanistic explanation be reconciled with
... nature. Explanations do not simply characterize mechanisms differentiated by well-defined boundaries. Rather, scientists propose mechanisms as they develop mechanistic explanations. That is, they hypothesize that entities are organized together as parts of a mechanism and through their coordinated o ...
... nature. Explanations do not simply characterize mechanisms differentiated by well-defined boundaries. Rather, scientists propose mechanisms as they develop mechanistic explanations. That is, they hypothesize that entities are organized together as parts of a mechanism and through their coordinated o ...
physiology of ion transport across the tonoplast of higher plants
... The enzyme resembles the F0F1-ATPases (F-ATPases) of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and eubacteria in their multimeric structure, lack of a phosphorylated intermediate, and insensitivity to vanadate (84). An evolutionary relationship between F-type and V-type ATPases is indicated by sequence homologies ...
... The enzyme resembles the F0F1-ATPases (F-ATPases) of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and eubacteria in their multimeric structure, lack of a phosphorylated intermediate, and insensitivity to vanadate (84). An evolutionary relationship between F-type and V-type ATPases is indicated by sequence homologies ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... GSK-3 activity led to a defect in axon development in hippocampal neurons. However, Wnts also reportedly stimulate the extension of postcrossing commissural axons (Lyuksyutova et al., 2003). Further, two recent studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures ...
... GSK-3 activity led to a defect in axon development in hippocampal neurons. However, Wnts also reportedly stimulate the extension of postcrossing commissural axons (Lyuksyutova et al., 2003). Further, two recent studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures ...
Glia–Neuron Interactions in Nervous System Function
... pervade the nervous systems of vertebrates. Although glia were recognized as the predominant cell type in the vertebrate brain, early experimentation aimed at elucidating their functions was unsuccessful. Part of the problem was noted by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in his classic volume Histology of the ...
... pervade the nervous systems of vertebrates. Although glia were recognized as the predominant cell type in the vertebrate brain, early experimentation aimed at elucidating their functions was unsuccessful. Part of the problem was noted by Santiago Ramón y Cajal in his classic volume Histology of the ...
The role of sodium channels in neuropathic pain
... channels are involved in pain pathophysiology, and indeed which specific channels play a role in subtypes of pain such as neuropathic and inflammatory pain, has expanded considerably in recent years. The availability of cloned channel subtypes and the means to assess the activity of small molecules ...
... channels are involved in pain pathophysiology, and indeed which specific channels play a role in subtypes of pain such as neuropathic and inflammatory pain, has expanded considerably in recent years. The availability of cloned channel subtypes and the means to assess the activity of small molecules ...
Optimal Sizes of Dendritic and Axonal Arbors
... Understanding brain function requires knowing connections between neurons. However, experimental studies of inter-neuronal connectivity are difficult and the connectivity data is scarce. At the same time neuroanatomists possess much data on cellular morphology and have powerful techniques to image n ...
... Understanding brain function requires knowing connections between neurons. However, experimental studies of inter-neuronal connectivity are difficult and the connectivity data is scarce. At the same time neuroanatomists possess much data on cellular morphology and have powerful techniques to image n ...
Highwire Regulates Guidance of Sister Axons in the
... 70), whereas all the examined WT MBs were normal (n ⫽ 85). This phenotype is also present in a second, genetically independent highwire allele, hiwND8, an EMS allele with a premature stop codon (see Fig. 7), but the phenotype is less severe (66% penetrance, n ⫽ 143). The hypomorphic nature of hiwND8 ...
... 70), whereas all the examined WT MBs were normal (n ⫽ 85). This phenotype is also present in a second, genetically independent highwire allele, hiwND8, an EMS allele with a premature stop codon (see Fig. 7), but the phenotype is less severe (66% penetrance, n ⫽ 143). The hypomorphic nature of hiwND8 ...
neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine treatment eliminates cholinergic
... Somatostatin-IR fibers were rarely observed in the dermis and were never seen in the sweat glands of normal or 6-OHDA-treated rats. In normal rats, individual SPIR axons were consistently found in every section of the dermis examined but were rarely observed in the sweat glands (Fig. 5a); on average ...
... Somatostatin-IR fibers were rarely observed in the dermis and were never seen in the sweat glands of normal or 6-OHDA-treated rats. In normal rats, individual SPIR axons were consistently found in every section of the dermis examined but were rarely observed in the sweat glands (Fig. 5a); on average ...
Vesicular transport of newly synthesized opsin from the Golgi
... Subcellular fractionation of frog retinas demonstrated, however, that newly synthesized opsin was isolated only on easily sedimented membrane fractions. The cytosol fractions of retinal homogenates did not ...
... Subcellular fractionation of frog retinas demonstrated, however, that newly synthesized opsin was isolated only on easily sedimented membrane fractions. The cytosol fractions of retinal homogenates did not ...
actin filament-membrane attachment: are membrane particles
... reextension of microvilli after pressure-induced disassembly revealed that the actin filaments assemble from a dense material associated with the limiting membrane and from there elongate (40). Similar observation have been made by studying stages in Mytilus (18) and in Limulus (11) spermiogenesis, ...
... reextension of microvilli after pressure-induced disassembly revealed that the actin filaments assemble from a dense material associated with the limiting membrane and from there elongate (40). Similar observation have been made by studying stages in Mytilus (18) and in Limulus (11) spermiogenesis, ...
Node of Ranvier
The nodes of Ranvier also known as myelin sheath gaps, are the gaps (approximately 1 micrometer in length) formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it. At nodes of Ranvier, the axonal membrane is uninsulated and, therefore, capable of generating electrical activity.