Dual inhibition of the dactyl opener muscle in lobster
... saline, the axons of OE and OI as well as a nerve branch to the closer muscle containing the axon of CI were identified by following each proximally from the nerve innervating the dactyl opener. The preparation was then transferred to a recording chamber enclosed in a resin block through which refri ...
... saline, the axons of OE and OI as well as a nerve branch to the closer muscle containing the axon of CI were identified by following each proximally from the nerve innervating the dactyl opener. The preparation was then transferred to a recording chamber enclosed in a resin block through which refri ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... were utilized for light microscopy. Housing and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with United States Department of Agriculture and National Institutes of Health guidelines and with approval of the University of Pittsburgh’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Monkeys were ...
... were utilized for light microscopy. Housing and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with United States Department of Agriculture and National Institutes of Health guidelines and with approval of the University of Pittsburgh’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Monkeys were ...
Advances in Genetics - Department of Biology
... the realization that multiple independent protein families have often evolved to serve similar physiological functions. The complex relationship between protein structure and physiological functions highlights the importance of studying such relationships with integrative and comparative approaches. ...
... the realization that multiple independent protein families have often evolved to serve similar physiological functions. The complex relationship between protein structure and physiological functions highlights the importance of studying such relationships with integrative and comparative approaches. ...
Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... lamination on the LGN. The axonal projection from the active retina was greatly enlarged and formed connections on the LGN where the opposite eye normally synapses. Projections from the inactive eye were significantly smaller than normal. The abnormal development of axonal projections indicates that ...
... lamination on the LGN. The axonal projection from the active retina was greatly enlarged and formed connections on the LGN where the opposite eye normally synapses. Projections from the inactive eye were significantly smaller than normal. The abnormal development of axonal projections indicates that ...
Structure-Function Relationships in Rat Brainstem Subnucleus
... demonstrate the latter when they showed that cortical barrels do not develop when the whisker follicles are cauterized at birth. Others have subsequently shown that subcortical “barrels” and associated axonal projection patterns are similarly perturbed by peripheral lesions inflicted during early de ...
... demonstrate the latter when they showed that cortical barrels do not develop when the whisker follicles are cauterized at birth. Others have subsequently shown that subcortical “barrels” and associated axonal projection patterns are similarly perturbed by peripheral lesions inflicted during early de ...
Cortical Parcellations of the Macaque Monkey
... Figure 2. Key stages in LVD registration, using an exemplar individual (source) hemisphere registered to the F99 atlas target. (A, B) Landmark contours on source (case CH of Kolster et al. 2009) and target (F99 atlas) spheres after resampling to match the number of contour points in corresponding s ...
... Figure 2. Key stages in LVD registration, using an exemplar individual (source) hemisphere registered to the F99 atlas target. (A, B) Landmark contours on source (case CH of Kolster et al. 2009) and target (F99 atlas) spheres after resampling to match the number of contour points in corresponding s ...
www.drmichaellevin.org
... Wood, 1997; Levin, 1998; Levin and Mercola, 1998]. Within the last few years, some understanding of the molecular basis for LR patterning has been gained through the characterization of a cascade of asymmetrically expressed genes in the chick [Levin et al., 1995, 1997; Isaac et al., 1997]. The most ...
... Wood, 1997; Levin, 1998; Levin and Mercola, 1998]. Within the last few years, some understanding of the molecular basis for LR patterning has been gained through the characterization of a cascade of asymmetrically expressed genes in the chick [Levin et al., 1995, 1997; Isaac et al., 1997]. The most ...
CHAPTER 2
... send their axons out the ventral roots of spinal nerves. The visceral motor tissues of the body - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands - are not derived from dermomyotomes. Glands are derived either from ectoderm or endoderm (which you will learn about in embryology). Smooth muscle and cardiac ...
... send their axons out the ventral roots of spinal nerves. The visceral motor tissues of the body - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands - are not derived from dermomyotomes. Glands are derived either from ectoderm or endoderm (which you will learn about in embryology). Smooth muscle and cardiac ...
www.drmichaellevin.org
... bending heart tube has this effect, as following our surgical manipulations, no heart tube ever forms. If the situs of organs other than the heart is not determined mechanically, then it could be set by a response to signaling molecules. The asymmetric signals described in early chick development ha ...
... bending heart tube has this effect, as following our surgical manipulations, no heart tube ever forms. If the situs of organs other than the heart is not determined mechanically, then it could be set by a response to signaling molecules. The asymmetric signals described in early chick development ha ...
Phosphatidylglycerol-containing ER
... The mitochondria were isolated from the hepatocytes derived from five perfused rat livers subjected to subcellular fractionation that afforded preparation of nuclei, mitochondria, Golgi, ER and organelle-free cell cytosol as described in [2,4,7,9-11] and above. From the initial fraction the fluffy l ...
... The mitochondria were isolated from the hepatocytes derived from five perfused rat livers subjected to subcellular fractionation that afforded preparation of nuclei, mitochondria, Golgi, ER and organelle-free cell cytosol as described in [2,4,7,9-11] and above. From the initial fraction the fluffy l ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... For IKv, the bath solution contained 80 mM NaC l, 3 mM KC l, 5 mM MgC l2, 10 mM CoC l2, 5 mM H EPES, pH 7.4, and 1 M tetrodotoxin (TTX; C albiochem, La Jolla, CA). Steady-state IKv amplitudes were measured by averaging values during a 7 msec interval at the end of the pulse. IC a was recorded using ...
... For IKv, the bath solution contained 80 mM NaC l, 3 mM KC l, 5 mM MgC l2, 10 mM CoC l2, 5 mM H EPES, pH 7.4, and 1 M tetrodotoxin (TTX; C albiochem, La Jolla, CA). Steady-state IKv amplitudes were measured by averaging values during a 7 msec interval at the end of the pulse. IC a was recorded using ...
Nkx2-5 mutation causes anatomic hypoplasia of the cardiac
... in humans by unknown mechanisms. We show in KO mice that the number of cells in the cardiac conduction system is directly related to Nkx2-5 gene dosage. Null mutant embryos appear to lack the primordium of the atrioventricular node. In Nkx2-5 haploinsufficiency, the conduction system has half the no ...
... in humans by unknown mechanisms. We show in KO mice that the number of cells in the cardiac conduction system is directly related to Nkx2-5 gene dosage. Null mutant embryos appear to lack the primordium of the atrioventricular node. In Nkx2-5 haploinsufficiency, the conduction system has half the no ...
Nkx2-5 mutation causes anatomic hypoplasia of the cardiac
... nitrogen, embedded in OCT, and sectioned (8-µm thickness). Alternate consecutive sections were histochemically stained with H&E. Immunofluorescent labeling followed previously described methods (2, 3). In brief, sections were incubated in primary Ab’s overnight at 4°C. The primary Ab’s used were gui ...
... nitrogen, embedded in OCT, and sectioned (8-µm thickness). Alternate consecutive sections were histochemically stained with H&E. Immunofluorescent labeling followed previously described methods (2, 3). In brief, sections were incubated in primary Ab’s overnight at 4°C. The primary Ab’s used were gui ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... The sympathetic (sim-pa -̆ thet ́ ik) division is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies. It is often referred to as the “fight-or-flight” division because increased sympathetic activity results in the increased alertness and metabolic activity needed in stressful or frighteni ...
... The sympathetic (sim-pa -̆ thet ́ ik) division is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies. It is often referred to as the “fight-or-flight” division because increased sympathetic activity results in the increased alertness and metabolic activity needed in stressful or frighteni ...
Chapter 9- Nervous System Lecture 9.1
... Objective- Describe the function of the two major classes of cells (Neurons and neuroglial) in the nervous system. Also be able to describe the function of the two major groups of the Nervous system (CNS and PNS). ...
... Objective- Describe the function of the two major classes of cells (Neurons and neuroglial) in the nervous system. Also be able to describe the function of the two major groups of the Nervous system (CNS and PNS). ...
PowerPoint-Präsentation
... The electrical activity of neurons results from the opening and closing of specific ion-channels proteins in the neuron ...
... The electrical activity of neurons results from the opening and closing of specific ion-channels proteins in the neuron ...
Chapter 9
... CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Axonally Synthesized ATF4 Transmits a Neurodegenerative Signal across Brain Regions Baleriola,
... from its effects on soma and dendrites. Compartmentalized signaling is especially important for neurons, the most morphologically polarized cells. In order to react to stimuli in a spatially and temporally acute manner, axons are able to synthesize a subset of proteins locally (Jung et al., 2014). D ...
... from its effects on soma and dendrites. Compartmentalized signaling is especially important for neurons, the most morphologically polarized cells. In order to react to stimuli in a spatially and temporally acute manner, axons are able to synthesize a subset of proteins locally (Jung et al., 2014). D ...
MAP2 and Tau Segregate into Dendritic and Axonal Domains After
... and excluded from the dense plexus of fine-caliber axonal processes (Caceres et al., 1984). When neurons from this same culture system were observed developing processes in vitro, MAP2 immunoreactivity was present in axon-like processes during the first week of neurite formation, after which time it ...
... and excluded from the dense plexus of fine-caliber axonal processes (Caceres et al., 1984). When neurons from this same culture system were observed developing processes in vitro, MAP2 immunoreactivity was present in axon-like processes during the first week of neurite formation, after which time it ...
F-Spondin Is Required for Accurate Pathfinding of Commissural
... (D) Immunolocalization of F-spondin protein with the R5 Ab (same section as in [C]). The protein is localized in the basal membrane that underlies the floor plate, around the notochord and in the basal membrane that ensheaths the peripheral nerve. Scale bar, 50 mm. (E) E14 rat ventral spinal cord im ...
... (D) Immunolocalization of F-spondin protein with the R5 Ab (same section as in [C]). The protein is localized in the basal membrane that underlies the floor plate, around the notochord and in the basal membrane that ensheaths the peripheral nerve. Scale bar, 50 mm. (E) E14 rat ventral spinal cord im ...
Mechanisms of excitability in the central and peripheral nervous
... epileptogenesis. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which a subject has repeated seizures (convulsions) over time. Seizures are characterized by increased and highly synchronized neural activity. Therefore, mechanisms that regulate synchronized neural activity are crucial for the understanding of epile ...
... epileptogenesis. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which a subject has repeated seizures (convulsions) over time. Seizures are characterized by increased and highly synchronized neural activity. Therefore, mechanisms that regulate synchronized neural activity are crucial for the understanding of epile ...
Slide 1
... and proximal apical/basal dendrites (green) receive separate synaptic inputs in a variety of types of pyramidal cells. (B) Summation of inputs onto a single dendritic branch (but not between branches) leads to a dendritic spike that remains below threshold for an action potential at the soma. It has ...
... and proximal apical/basal dendrites (green) receive separate synaptic inputs in a variety of types of pyramidal cells. (B) Summation of inputs onto a single dendritic branch (but not between branches) leads to a dendritic spike that remains below threshold for an action potential at the soma. It has ...
The secreted cell signal Folded Gastrulation regulates glial
... immunofluorescence. We observed that Fog protein was localized to the scolopale and cap cells, consistent with the in situ hybridization results, and was also seen on the dendrites of chordotonal neurons (Fig. 1F). Background staining levels are high with this antibody. This is commonly observed wit ...
... immunofluorescence. We observed that Fog protein was localized to the scolopale and cap cells, consistent with the in situ hybridization results, and was also seen on the dendrites of chordotonal neurons (Fig. 1F). Background staining levels are high with this antibody. This is commonly observed wit ...
Ectopic sensory neurons in mutant cockroaches
... form arborizations in appropriate regions of the CNS (Murphey, 1985; Kämper and Murphey, 1987). Once there, afferents targeted to the same regions of the CNS compete for postsynaptic partners (Murphey, 1986; Shepherd and Murphey, 1986). As an alternative to scissors and scalpel, mutants can be sough ...
... form arborizations in appropriate regions of the CNS (Murphey, 1985; Kämper and Murphey, 1987). Once there, afferents targeted to the same regions of the CNS compete for postsynaptic partners (Murphey, 1986; Shepherd and Murphey, 1986). As an alternative to scissors and scalpel, mutants can be sough ...
Mechanisms of axon degeneration: From development to disease
... highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the molecular mechanisms involved are different (but see ...
... highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the molecular mechanisms involved are different (but see ...
Node of Ranvier
The nodes of Ranvier also known as myelin sheath gaps, are the gaps (approximately 1 micrometer in length) formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it. At nodes of Ranvier, the axonal membrane is uninsulated and, therefore, capable of generating electrical activity.