Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... of the parent cell, and one with more widespread axon collaterals. The first type might be important for interactions between neurons within a particular functional striatal ‘territory’. The second type might provide a possibility for more distant interactions, i.e., between functionally different ‘ ...
... of the parent cell, and one with more widespread axon collaterals. The first type might be important for interactions between neurons within a particular functional striatal ‘territory’. The second type might provide a possibility for more distant interactions, i.e., between functionally different ‘ ...
by Booij (Leyden). Introductory § i. systems § 2
... precipitate. Neutral salts will decrease the charge; the having turned into a suspension of uncharged particles, will ...
... precipitate. Neutral salts will decrease the charge; the having turned into a suspension of uncharged particles, will ...
Independent Functions of Slit–Robo Repulsion and Netrin– Frazzled
... receptor Fra is expressed broadly and at high levels on many axons in the CNS, including both commissural and longitudinal portions of axons, whereas the Robo receptor is expressed broadly and at high levels along the longitudinal axon connectives but is kept at low levels on the commissural portion ...
... receptor Fra is expressed broadly and at high levels on many axons in the CNS, including both commissural and longitudinal portions of axons, whereas the Robo receptor is expressed broadly and at high levels along the longitudinal axon connectives but is kept at low levels on the commissural portion ...
The role of repulsive guidance molecules in the
... During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with motile growth cones rely on guidance cues present in their local environment. These cues are detected by specific recepto ...
... During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with motile growth cones rely on guidance cues present in their local environment. These cues are detected by specific recepto ...
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... or ‘pioneer’ neuron, blocks the migration of follower FBMNs into r5. This demonstrates that the pioneer neuron and its axon are crucial to the early migration of FBMNs. Later migration from r5 to r6 is not dependent on pioneer neurons but on the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a bundle of axon ...
... or ‘pioneer’ neuron, blocks the migration of follower FBMNs into r5. This demonstrates that the pioneer neuron and its axon are crucial to the early migration of FBMNs. Later migration from r5 to r6 is not dependent on pioneer neurons but on the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a bundle of axon ...
Properties of Propriospinal Neurons in the C3–C4 Segments
... of them (n ⫽ 52) in a monosynaptic range (⬍1.4 ms including one synaptic delay and time to firing). The firing probability was only 21% from the third pyramidal volley but increased to 83% after intravenous injection of strychnine. In most of the intracellularly recorded PNs, stimulation of the cont ...
... of them (n ⫽ 52) in a monosynaptic range (⬍1.4 ms including one synaptic delay and time to firing). The firing probability was only 21% from the third pyramidal volley but increased to 83% after intravenous injection of strychnine. In most of the intracellularly recorded PNs, stimulation of the cont ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... The mammalian neocortex has six main layers, which can be distinguished by differences in the morphology and density of the neurons that comprise them (Brodmann, 1909). The cells that come to populate the cortex arise from the neuroepithelium of the telencephalic vesicle. The first postmitotic neuro ...
... The mammalian neocortex has six main layers, which can be distinguished by differences in the morphology and density of the neurons that comprise them (Brodmann, 1909). The cells that come to populate the cortex arise from the neuroepithelium of the telencephalic vesicle. The first postmitotic neuro ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... pal-mRFP-labeled VM neuron in a hemisphere were incubated overnight with 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to GFP (Tamamaki et al. 2000; Nakamura et al. 2008) or 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to mRFP (Hioki et al. 2010), respectively, in PBS-XCD. After a rinse with PBS-X, the sec ...
... pal-mRFP-labeled VM neuron in a hemisphere were incubated overnight with 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to GFP (Tamamaki et al. 2000; Nakamura et al. 2008) or 0.5 µg/mL affinity-purified rabbit antibody to mRFP (Hioki et al. 2010), respectively, in PBS-XCD. After a rinse with PBS-X, the sec ...
Introducing a New Product
... When an adequate stimulus triggers stimulusgated Na+ channels to open, allowing Na+ to diffuse rapidly into the cell, a local depolarization is produced As threshold potential is reached, voltagegated Na+ channels open and more Na+ enters the cell, causing further depolarization Mosby items and deri ...
... When an adequate stimulus triggers stimulusgated Na+ channels to open, allowing Na+ to diffuse rapidly into the cell, a local depolarization is produced As threshold potential is reached, voltagegated Na+ channels open and more Na+ enters the cell, causing further depolarization Mosby items and deri ...
Mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring in neurons
... Abbreviations used in this paper: KIF5, kinesin-1 family; MT, microtubule. ...
... Abbreviations used in this paper: KIF5, kinesin-1 family; MT, microtubule. ...
Spatially and Functionally Distinct Roles of the PI3
... directly on axons of sympathetic neurons to affect changes in synaptic efficacy (Lockhart et al., 1997), and NGF and other neurotrophins can function as potent chemoattractants when applied directly to neuronal growth cones in vitro (Ming et al., 1999). Thus, NGF/TrkA signaling within multiple disti ...
... directly on axons of sympathetic neurons to affect changes in synaptic efficacy (Lockhart et al., 1997), and NGF and other neurotrophins can function as potent chemoattractants when applied directly to neuronal growth cones in vitro (Ming et al., 1999). Thus, NGF/TrkA signaling within multiple disti ...
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... might have obscured other guidance defects in vivo. In addition to acting as an attractant, Ntn1 has been proposed to repel trochlear motor neurons, which reside in the ventral hindbrain and project axons dorsally, away from the floor plate. However, although Ntn1 repels trochlear axons from hindbra ...
... might have obscured other guidance defects in vivo. In addition to acting as an attractant, Ntn1 has been proposed to repel trochlear motor neurons, which reside in the ventral hindbrain and project axons dorsally, away from the floor plate. However, although Ntn1 repels trochlear axons from hindbra ...
Chapter 33 Nervous System
... Sound waves enter the auditory canal and cause a membrane, called the tympanum, at the end of the ear canal to vibrate. ...
... Sound waves enter the auditory canal and cause a membrane, called the tympanum, at the end of the ear canal to vibrate. ...
Modality-Based Organization of Ascending Somatosensory Axons in
... Heatmap generation. To visualize the distribution of dorsal column axons of different sizes, we performed the following procedures using a custom program written in MATLAB (MathWorks) (see Fig. 8A–E). (1) A raw image is converted to a binary image using a threshold that appropriately separates the c ...
... Heatmap generation. To visualize the distribution of dorsal column axons of different sizes, we performed the following procedures using a custom program written in MATLAB (MathWorks) (see Fig. 8A–E). (1) A raw image is converted to a binary image using a threshold that appropriately separates the c ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... neurons release transmitter as a graded function of membrane potential and are reciprocally inhibitory (Fig. 2 F) (Russell and Graubard, 1987; Hartline and Graubard, 1992), it is not possible from these experiments alone to determine whether either or both of the neurons is a direct target of the do ...
... neurons release transmitter as a graded function of membrane potential and are reciprocally inhibitory (Fig. 2 F) (Russell and Graubard, 1987; Hartline and Graubard, 1992), it is not possible from these experiments alone to determine whether either or both of the neurons is a direct target of the do ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... The study by Shang et al. (2016) raises the question of whether and how TRPA1 channels might be differentially regulated in the plasma membrane versus lysosomes. AITC is a potent agonist and may override the endogenous inhibitory mechanisms. Plasma membrane TRPA1 is modulated by a variety of cellula ...
... The study by Shang et al. (2016) raises the question of whether and how TRPA1 channels might be differentially regulated in the plasma membrane versus lysosomes. AITC is a potent agonist and may override the endogenous inhibitory mechanisms. Plasma membrane TRPA1 is modulated by a variety of cellula ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... The study by Shang et al. (2016) raises the question of whether and how TRPA1 channels might be differentially regulated in the plasma membrane versus lysosomes. AITC is a potent agonist and may override the endogenous inhibitory mechanisms. Plasma membrane TRPA1 is modulated by a variety of cellula ...
... The study by Shang et al. (2016) raises the question of whether and how TRPA1 channels might be differentially regulated in the plasma membrane versus lysosomes. AITC is a potent agonist and may override the endogenous inhibitory mechanisms. Plasma membrane TRPA1 is modulated by a variety of cellula ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... The study by Shang et al. (2016) raises the question of whether and how TRPA1 channels might be differentially regulated in the plasma membrane versus lysosomes. AITC is a potent agonist and may override the endogenous inhibitory mechanisms. Plasma membrane TRPA1 is modulated by a variety of cellula ...
... The study by Shang et al. (2016) raises the question of whether and how TRPA1 channels might be differentially regulated in the plasma membrane versus lysosomes. AITC is a potent agonist and may override the endogenous inhibitory mechanisms. Plasma membrane TRPA1 is modulated by a variety of cellula ...
Dynamics of Tubulovesicular Recycling Endosomes in Hippocampal
... components into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the formation of an extensive network of tubulovesicular structures extending from the Golgi apparatus along microtubules (LippincottSchwartz et al., 1991; Reaves and Banting, 1992; Mundigl et al., 1993). The drug also affects the endosomal system a ...
... components into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the formation of an extensive network of tubulovesicular structures extending from the Golgi apparatus along microtubules (LippincottSchwartz et al., 1991; Reaves and Banting, 1992; Mundigl et al., 1993). The drug also affects the endosomal system a ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... The study by Shang et al. (2016) raises the question of whether and how TRPA1 channels might be differentially regulated in the plasma membrane versus lysosomes. AITC is a potent agonist and may override the endogenous inhibitory mechanisms. Plasma membrane TRPA1 is modulated by a variety of cellula ...
... The study by Shang et al. (2016) raises the question of whether and how TRPA1 channels might be differentially regulated in the plasma membrane versus lysosomes. AITC is a potent agonist and may override the endogenous inhibitory mechanisms. Plasma membrane TRPA1 is modulated by a variety of cellula ...
Origins of correlated activity in an olfactory circuit
... tion in odor responses is not explained by stimulus fluctuations. In pairs as well (Fig. 4b,c). Recordings in which we removed one antenna allowed us to measure the time lag between the arrival of other words, this variation represents noise. We found that odor-evoked spike trains were highly correl ...
... tion in odor responses is not explained by stimulus fluctuations. In pairs as well (Fig. 4b,c). Recordings in which we removed one antenna allowed us to measure the time lag between the arrival of other words, this variation represents noise. We found that odor-evoked spike trains were highly correl ...
Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are
... Extratoes mouse lacks olfactory bulbs To address the role of target tissue in convergence of primary olfactory axons, we took advantage of the naturally occurring mutant mouse extratoes (Xt/Xt; Johnson, 1967), which is deficient in the transcription factor Gli3 (Pohl et al., 1990; Schimmang et al., ...
... Extratoes mouse lacks olfactory bulbs To address the role of target tissue in convergence of primary olfactory axons, we took advantage of the naturally occurring mutant mouse extratoes (Xt/Xt; Johnson, 1967), which is deficient in the transcription factor Gli3 (Pohl et al., 1990; Schimmang et al., ...
Axonal wiring of guanylate cyclase-D
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
... The main and accessory olfactory systems of the mouse detect a large variety of chemical stimuli from the external environment. Chemoreception is mediated by several types of receptor molecules that are expressed by specialized sensory neurons (Axel, 2005; Buck, 2005; Mombaerts, 2004). The informati ...
Regulation of axon growth by the JIP1–AKT axis
... plays a scaffold role in maintaining AKT at the axon tip, shRNAmediated knockdown of JIP1 was performed. A substantial reduction in JIP1 protein was observed by immunoblotting (Fig. 1B). JIP1 knockdown had minimal effect on the total AKT protein level in the neurons as determined by immunoblotting ( ...
... plays a scaffold role in maintaining AKT at the axon tip, shRNAmediated knockdown of JIP1 was performed. A substantial reduction in JIP1 protein was observed by immunoblotting (Fig. 1B). JIP1 knockdown had minimal effect on the total AKT protein level in the neurons as determined by immunoblotting ( ...
Node of Ranvier
The nodes of Ranvier also known as myelin sheath gaps, are the gaps (approximately 1 micrometer in length) formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it. At nodes of Ranvier, the axonal membrane is uninsulated and, therefore, capable of generating electrical activity.