regionally specific induction by the spemann
... organizers on the basis of their different inducing abilities. The various models that were historically put forward to explain regionally specific induction by these different organizers can be divided into two classes. Quantitative models proposed gradients of single inducers, such as the elusive ...
... organizers on the basis of their different inducing abilities. The various models that were historically put forward to explain regionally specific induction by these different organizers can be divided into two classes. Quantitative models proposed gradients of single inducers, such as the elusive ...
Mitochondria Buffer Physiological Calcium
... msec pulsesdelivered at 10 Hz) between platinum electrodes mounted in the perfusion chamber evoked action potentials. The [Ca2+],transients evoked by field stimulation were blocked by the Na+ channel blocker TTX (1 PM) (Fig. 4) and the amplitude of theseresponsesdisplayed an all-or-none relationship ...
... msec pulsesdelivered at 10 Hz) between platinum electrodes mounted in the perfusion chamber evoked action potentials. The [Ca2+],transients evoked by field stimulation were blocked by the Na+ channel blocker TTX (1 PM) (Fig. 4) and the amplitude of theseresponsesdisplayed an all-or-none relationship ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
1-Michelle_Stone_thesis
... The positioning of organelles and proteins to specific compartments is carried out through polarized trafficking by motor proteins, and this relies heavily on polarized microtubule arrays within the neuron. Mi ...
... The positioning of organelles and proteins to specific compartments is carried out through polarized trafficking by motor proteins, and this relies heavily on polarized microtubule arrays within the neuron. Mi ...
Anion-Channel Blockers Inhibit S-Type Anion
... and inhibit stomatal closure. Severa1 anion-channel blockers have been shown to block activity of R-type channels (Marten et al., 1992, 1993) and S-type channels (Schroeder et al., 1993). Detailed investigations of the effects of these chemicals on physiologically regulated stomatal apertures can be ...
... and inhibit stomatal closure. Severa1 anion-channel blockers have been shown to block activity of R-type channels (Marten et al., 1992, 1993) and S-type channels (Schroeder et al., 1993). Detailed investigations of the effects of these chemicals on physiologically regulated stomatal apertures can be ...
Modulation of Jellyfish Potassium Channels by External Potassium
... The large diversity of potassium channels provides richness to the functional repertoire of excitable cells. Their associated currents shape action potentials and regulate firing frequency in addition to maintaining the membrane resting potential (Connor and Stevens 1971; Hille 1992). The amplitude ...
... The large diversity of potassium channels provides richness to the functional repertoire of excitable cells. Their associated currents shape action potentials and regulate firing frequency in addition to maintaining the membrane resting potential (Connor and Stevens 1971; Hille 1992). The amplitude ...
Anatomical Distribution of Serotonin- Containing
... immunohistochemical preparations exhibited different aspects in their morphology and orientation. A first distinction could be made between varicose and non-varicose immunoreactive nerve fibers. The non-varicose axons had a more or less consistent diameter ranging from less than 1 to 2 m. They usua ...
... immunohistochemical preparations exhibited different aspects in their morphology and orientation. A first distinction could be made between varicose and non-varicose immunoreactive nerve fibers. The non-varicose axons had a more or less consistent diameter ranging from less than 1 to 2 m. They usua ...
Pulsing of Membrane Potential in Individual
... distributed among the physically discrete mitochondria (Lonsdale et al., 1988; Arrieta-Montiel et al., 2009; Woloszynska, 2010). It is unclear, however, whether this structural heterogeneity reflects heterogeneity of function, since most studies of mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism are base ...
... distributed among the physically discrete mitochondria (Lonsdale et al., 1988; Arrieta-Montiel et al., 2009; Woloszynska, 2010). It is unclear, however, whether this structural heterogeneity reflects heterogeneity of function, since most studies of mitochondrial bioenergetics and metabolism are base ...
morphology and synaptic connections of ultrafine primary axons
... elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine axon is a group of two to five or more of the smallest spherical endings preceded and followed by a somewhat larger elliptical form. This pattern also can be seen at th ...
... elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine axon is a group of two to five or more of the smallest spherical endings preceded and followed by a somewhat larger elliptical form. This pattern also can be seen at th ...
physiological reviews
... diameter, indents the membrane of the Deiters cell and splits up into separate neurofibrils, beneath the base of the hair cell but outside of the Deiters cell. Each terminates in a clubshaped nerve ending. The size of these endings varies within wide limits, down to less than I p in diameter. The la ...
... diameter, indents the membrane of the Deiters cell and splits up into separate neurofibrils, beneath the base of the hair cell but outside of the Deiters cell. Each terminates in a clubshaped nerve ending. The size of these endings varies within wide limits, down to less than I p in diameter. The la ...
Neurofilaments and Orthograde Transport Are Reduced in Ventral
... typically form in the perikarya and processes of neurons, and these inclusions contain highly phosphorylated NFH and NFM (Tu et al., 1997a,b). The major functions of NFs are to provide mechanical support, especially in large myelinated axons, and to regulate axonal caliber. Thus, disruption of the N ...
... typically form in the perikarya and processes of neurons, and these inclusions contain highly phosphorylated NFH and NFM (Tu et al., 1997a,b). The major functions of NFs are to provide mechanical support, especially in large myelinated axons, and to regulate axonal caliber. Thus, disruption of the N ...
Axonal degeneration as a therapeutic target in the CNS | SpringerLink
... clinical disease; whereas motor weakness starts to be apparent only at around 80 days, about 40% of the neuromuscular junctions show denervation. However, at this time, no evidence for motoneuron cell loss is detectable (Fischer et al. 2004). The situation seems to be slightly different for corticos ...
... clinical disease; whereas motor weakness starts to be apparent only at around 80 days, about 40% of the neuromuscular junctions show denervation. However, at this time, no evidence for motoneuron cell loss is detectable (Fischer et al. 2004). The situation seems to be slightly different for corticos ...
isolation and characterization of the membrane
... The membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules is shown by ultrastructural and biochemical studies to be derived from, and to retain the characteristics of, the host cell plasma membrane. During the early stages of the infection process, which occurs through an invagination, ...
... The membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules is shown by ultrastructural and biochemical studies to be derived from, and to retain the characteristics of, the host cell plasma membrane. During the early stages of the infection process, which occurs through an invagination, ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... sensory neurons for terminal axon arbor formation throughout the CNS. In SADIsl1-cre mice, SAD kinases are deleted from motor neurons and some populations of interneurons as well as from sensory neurons (Figure S2E). Several observations indicate, however, that loss of SAD kinases from sensory neuro ...
... sensory neurons for terminal axon arbor formation throughout the CNS. In SADIsl1-cre mice, SAD kinases are deleted from motor neurons and some populations of interneurons as well as from sensory neurons (Figure S2E). Several observations indicate, however, that loss of SAD kinases from sensory neuro ...
C. elegans the L1 larval stage
... First and foremost I must give thanks to Dr. Chin-Sang for allowing me the opportunity to discover my passion for science and research. Without the opportunity to work in his lab as a lab volunteer, summer student and thesis student I would not be in graduate studies, and none of this would be possi ...
... First and foremost I must give thanks to Dr. Chin-Sang for allowing me the opportunity to discover my passion for science and research. Without the opportunity to work in his lab as a lab volunteer, summer student and thesis student I would not be in graduate studies, and none of this would be possi ...
Synthesis and Localization of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor in the
... The time course of changes in CNTF-immunoreactivity in Western blots of regions distal to the sciatic nerve cut site was paralleled by corresponding changes in ciliary neuronal survival activity (Fig. 2). During the first week after lesion there was a decrease in ciliary neuronal survival activity i ...
... The time course of changes in CNTF-immunoreactivity in Western blots of regions distal to the sciatic nerve cut site was paralleled by corresponding changes in ciliary neuronal survival activity (Fig. 2). During the first week after lesion there was a decrease in ciliary neuronal survival activity i ...
Acquisition of Hox codes during gastrulation and axial elongation in
... boundary regions were observed in loss-of-function mutants (Krumlauf, 1994). Recently, transient abolition of early colinearity, which is evident during gastrulation, by deletion of a 5′ located Hoxd regulatory region was shown to result in skeletal homeotic transformations in embryos and neonates ( ...
... boundary regions were observed in loss-of-function mutants (Krumlauf, 1994). Recently, transient abolition of early colinearity, which is evident during gastrulation, by deletion of a 5′ located Hoxd regulatory region was shown to result in skeletal homeotic transformations in embryos and neonates ( ...
Filamentous contacts: the ultrastructure and three
... Since the axon terminals are often very large, it is common in such planes of section to encounter filamentous contacts extending over several micrometers (e.g. Fig. 3). One such contact, along the interface between a dendritic shaft in VB and an elongated sausage-like lemniscal terminal, was 7 µm l ...
... Since the axon terminals are often very large, it is common in such planes of section to encounter filamentous contacts extending over several micrometers (e.g. Fig. 3). One such contact, along the interface between a dendritic shaft in VB and an elongated sausage-like lemniscal terminal, was 7 µm l ...
DIFFERENT MODES OF FLUORESCENTLY LABELED
... Introduction. Astrocytes, the most abundant type of glial cells in the central nervous system, play an important role in synaptic transmission and metabolic coupling between neurons and microvessels. Astrocytes store and release many neuroactive substances (1). It appears that intracellular calcium ...
... Introduction. Astrocytes, the most abundant type of glial cells in the central nervous system, play an important role in synaptic transmission and metabolic coupling between neurons and microvessels. Astrocytes store and release many neuroactive substances (1). It appears that intracellular calcium ...
Article
... output cells of the cortex [1]. They express a wide variety of voltage-gated ion channels, such as Na+, K+ and Ca2+ channels, whose differing distribution and density in the cell membrane determine the unique functioning of each cell [2,3]. The channels that modulate many cellular processes are the ...
... output cells of the cortex [1]. They express a wide variety of voltage-gated ion channels, such as Na+, K+ and Ca2+ channels, whose differing distribution and density in the cell membrane determine the unique functioning of each cell [2,3]. The channels that modulate many cellular processes are the ...
Coordinate Roles for LIM Homeobox Genes in Directing the
... column (LMC) and are generated only at levels of the neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the motor nerve bifurcates to form distinct dorsal and ventra ...
... column (LMC) and are generated only at levels of the neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the motor nerve bifurcates to form distinct dorsal and ventra ...
Early and Rapid Targeting of Eye-Specific Axonal Projections to the
... were paired with a breeder male from 2 d before until 2 d after this optimal breeding day. This allows the gestational age of the fetus to be determined with an accuracy of ⫾2 d. E1 represents the 24 h after mating. The mean duration of gestation for M. fascilcularis (used here) and M. mulatta (the ...
... were paired with a breeder male from 2 d before until 2 d after this optimal breeding day. This allows the gestational age of the fetus to be determined with an accuracy of ⫾2 d. E1 represents the 24 h after mating. The mean duration of gestation for M. fascilcularis (used here) and M. mulatta (the ...
The Vg1-related protein Gdf3 acts in a Nodal signaling
... (Seleiro et al., 1996; Shah et al., 1997), no clear ortholog has been identified in mammalian genomes. An initial screen for Vg1-related genes in mice had isolated growth-differentiation factor 3 (Gdf3), which shares 79% amino acid similarity with Vg1 (Jones et al., 1992). Early phylogenetic compari ...
... (Seleiro et al., 1996; Shah et al., 1997), no clear ortholog has been identified in mammalian genomes. An initial screen for Vg1-related genes in mice had isolated growth-differentiation factor 3 (Gdf3), which shares 79% amino acid similarity with Vg1 (Jones et al., 1992). Early phylogenetic compari ...
Specificity and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections in Sema6A
... subcortical sorting of thalamic axons within the ventral telencephalon largely determines their final targeting within the cortex [16–20]. For example, in mutants in the transcription factor Ebf1 or in the Dlx1/Dlx2 double mutants, a subset of thalamic axons is misrouted ventrally, resulting in a cau ...
... subcortical sorting of thalamic axons within the ventral telencephalon largely determines their final targeting within the cortex [16–20]. For example, in mutants in the transcription factor Ebf1 or in the Dlx1/Dlx2 double mutants, a subset of thalamic axons is misrouted ventrally, resulting in a cau ...
Rules Ventral Prefrontal Cortical Axons Use to Reach Their Targets
... the following way. Fiber bundles were outlined using a 4.0 or 6.4 objective and Neurolucida software (MBF Bioscience). Some individual fibers within each bundle were charted at higher magnification (10⫻) to indicate directionality. For each case, a stack of 2D coronal sections was created from its N ...
... the following way. Fiber bundles were outlined using a 4.0 or 6.4 objective and Neurolucida software (MBF Bioscience). Some individual fibers within each bundle were charted at higher magnification (10⫻) to indicate directionality. For each case, a stack of 2D coronal sections was created from its N ...
Node of Ranvier
The nodes of Ranvier also known as myelin sheath gaps, are the gaps (approximately 1 micrometer in length) formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it. At nodes of Ranvier, the axonal membrane is uninsulated and, therefore, capable of generating electrical activity.