Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... One of the most studied networks in the human brain is the basal forebrain network, which is made up of large neurons that communicate with one another using a chemical transmitter called acetylcholine. This network has a key role in cognition, and its neurons are among the first to degenerate in Al ...
... One of the most studied networks in the human brain is the basal forebrain network, which is made up of large neurons that communicate with one another using a chemical transmitter called acetylcholine. This network has a key role in cognition, and its neurons are among the first to degenerate in Al ...
IRK-1 Potassium Channels Mediate Peptidergic Inhibition
... G-protein signaling. Vulval muscles express two Gq-coupled serotonin receptors that promote muscle contraction: SER-1 and SER-7 (Carnell et al., 2005; Hobson et al., 2006). Egg-laying behavior is inhibited by Go signaling in the HSNs (Mendel et al., 1995; Ségalat et al., 1995; Tanis et al., 2008). ...
... G-protein signaling. Vulval muscles express two Gq-coupled serotonin receptors that promote muscle contraction: SER-1 and SER-7 (Carnell et al., 2005; Hobson et al., 2006). Egg-laying behavior is inhibited by Go signaling in the HSNs (Mendel et al., 1995; Ségalat et al., 1995; Tanis et al., 2008). ...
sample - Test Bank Exam
... Page Ref: 206 47) Axoaxonic synapses are responsible for ________ the extent of neurotransmitter released at the synapse. A) inhibiting B) decreasing C) increasing D) modulating E) enhancing Answer: D Diff: 5 Page Ref: 206 48) Presynaptic modulation of neurotransmitter release involves modifying ___ ...
... Page Ref: 206 47) Axoaxonic synapses are responsible for ________ the extent of neurotransmitter released at the synapse. A) inhibiting B) decreasing C) increasing D) modulating E) enhancing Answer: D Diff: 5 Page Ref: 206 48) Presynaptic modulation of neurotransmitter release involves modifying ___ ...
Dichotomy of Action-Potential Backpropagation in CA1 Pyramidal
... FIG. 1. Backpropagation of action potentials in dendrites. A: simultaneous whole cell patch-pipette recordings from the soma (light traces) and primary apical dendrite (dark traces) of a CA1 pyramidal neuron. A 300-pA somatic depolarizing current pulse 1 s in duration triggers a train of action pote ...
... FIG. 1. Backpropagation of action potentials in dendrites. A: simultaneous whole cell patch-pipette recordings from the soma (light traces) and primary apical dendrite (dark traces) of a CA1 pyramidal neuron. A 300-pA somatic depolarizing current pulse 1 s in duration triggers a train of action pote ...
biological membranes and membrane transport
... 1. Membranes are sheet-like structure. The thickness is between 60 – 100 Å (6-10 nm). 2. Membrane lipid bilayers are barriers to the polar molecules. 3. Membranes provide selective permeability around the cell. ...
... 1. Membranes are sheet-like structure. The thickness is between 60 – 100 Å (6-10 nm). 2. Membrane lipid bilayers are barriers to the polar molecules. 3. Membranes provide selective permeability around the cell. ...
Mammalian Models of CNS Regeneration - Wiley-VCH
... Nogo-A that is retained in other subcellular compartments would be consistent with the molecule having other functions. ...
... Nogo-A that is retained in other subcellular compartments would be consistent with the molecule having other functions. ...
A compensatory subpopulation of motor neurons in a mouse model
... been denervated for several weeks (Frank et al., 1975; Rich and Lichtman, 1989). At another set of junctions, postsynaptic sites were partially occupied by nerve terminals. These partially innervated junctions could be further subdivided. In some, the axon appeared fragmented at its terminal with re ...
... been denervated for several weeks (Frank et al., 1975; Rich and Lichtman, 1989). At another set of junctions, postsynaptic sites were partially occupied by nerve terminals. These partially innervated junctions could be further subdivided. In some, the axon appeared fragmented at its terminal with re ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... were made into PMBSF. Anterograde transport of the tracer revealed cases where long, intrinsic horizontal axons projected through gray matter out from PMBSF and across boundaries into visual and auditory cortical areas (Frostig et al. 2008; Stehberg et al. 2014). Similar long-range horizontal projec ...
... were made into PMBSF. Anterograde transport of the tracer revealed cases where long, intrinsic horizontal axons projected through gray matter out from PMBSF and across boundaries into visual and auditory cortical areas (Frostig et al. 2008; Stehberg et al. 2014). Similar long-range horizontal projec ...
GAP-43 Expression in Primary Sensory Neurons following Central
... and hybridized with GA 11B, a 1.1 kilobase cDNA to GAP-43 (Neve et al., 1987). Another probe used as a control for loading was for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD), a “housekeeping gene.” The cDNAs were labeled with 7’P-CTP using the random priming method. Washed blots were exposed to ...
... and hybridized with GA 11B, a 1.1 kilobase cDNA to GAP-43 (Neve et al., 1987). Another probe used as a control for loading was for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD), a “housekeeping gene.” The cDNAs were labeled with 7’P-CTP using the random priming method. Washed blots were exposed to ...
L - Oxford Academic
... postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic and post-synaptic inhibition both occur, sometimes in the same muscle. The latter type is more common. Pre-synaptic inhibition is thought to be mediated by the action of an inhibitory transmitter-substance on receptors of the motor nerve term ...
... postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic and post-synaptic inhibition both occur, sometimes in the same muscle. The latter type is more common. Pre-synaptic inhibition is thought to be mediated by the action of an inhibitory transmitter-substance on receptors of the motor nerve term ...
Career of Dennis Dougherty: Ion Channels
... ! 30% proteins are ion channels; 60% of pharmaceutical targets; <0.1% PDB (even that: prokaryote/fragment) ! Ligand gated ion channels: small molecule or protein docks in receptor, pore opens, cations enter (action potential) K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl– 108 ions/s ...
... ! 30% proteins are ion channels; 60% of pharmaceutical targets; <0.1% PDB (even that: prokaryote/fragment) ! Ligand gated ion channels: small molecule or protein docks in receptor, pore opens, cations enter (action potential) K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl– 108 ions/s ...
The architectural balance of the Ventral Nerve Cord depends
... as solutions that minimize wiring cost, following the wiring optimization principle postulated by Ramón y Cajal (Cajal, 1899). Wiring cost arises from metabolic requirements, signal delay and attenuation, and possible guidance defects (Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996). Whatever the origin of the wir ...
... as solutions that minimize wiring cost, following the wiring optimization principle postulated by Ramón y Cajal (Cajal, 1899). Wiring cost arises from metabolic requirements, signal delay and attenuation, and possible guidance defects (Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996). Whatever the origin of the wir ...
Mycobacterium leprae interactions with the host cell: recent
... compartment. This fusion event leads to the degradation of the phagolysosomal contents 42 . Much work has been done to characterize the intracellular compartments of other mycobacterial species 43 , including our work on the intracellular phenotype of M. marinum 44. Phagosomes of other pathogenic my ...
... compartment. This fusion event leads to the degradation of the phagolysosomal contents 42 . Much work has been done to characterize the intracellular compartments of other mycobacterial species 43 , including our work on the intracellular phenotype of M. marinum 44. Phagosomes of other pathogenic my ...
Bridging Areas of Injury in the Spinal Cord
... Peripheral nerve was placed into a complete transection gap of 5 or 10 mm (Richardson and others 1980). After 3 to 4 months, tracing demonstrated that fibers grow into and across the implant from both stumps. A mean of 5850 myelinated axons are found in the graft if the nearby dorsal roots are avuls ...
... Peripheral nerve was placed into a complete transection gap of 5 or 10 mm (Richardson and others 1980). After 3 to 4 months, tracing demonstrated that fibers grow into and across the implant from both stumps. A mean of 5850 myelinated axons are found in the graft if the nearby dorsal roots are avuls ...
Diverse functions of perineuronal nets
... without the presence of glial cells (Miyata et al. 2005) and dissociated hippocampal neurons in culture can form net-like ECM (John et al. 2006, Dityatev et al. 2007, Frischknecht et al. 2009). Formation of PNs depends on neuronal activity. Blocking of sodium channels by tetrodotoxine inhibits the f ...
... without the presence of glial cells (Miyata et al. 2005) and dissociated hippocampal neurons in culture can form net-like ECM (John et al. 2006, Dityatev et al. 2007, Frischknecht et al. 2009). Formation of PNs depends on neuronal activity. Blocking of sodium channels by tetrodotoxine inhibits the f ...
6 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes
... that diffuse rapidly through the lipid portions of membranes. Most of the organic molecules that make up the intermediate stages of the various metabolic pathways (Chapter 4) are ionized or polar molecules, often containing an ionized phosphate group, and thus have a low solubility in the lipid bila ...
... that diffuse rapidly through the lipid portions of membranes. Most of the organic molecules that make up the intermediate stages of the various metabolic pathways (Chapter 4) are ionized or polar molecules, often containing an ionized phosphate group, and thus have a low solubility in the lipid bila ...
Why Ca2+ is chosen by nature for diverse regulations?
... Why Ca2+ is chosen by nature for diverse regulations? • Specific and tight binding to effector proteins • Suitable coordination chemistry • Larger diameter and flexible coordination number • Can bind in to irregularly shaped protein cavities ...
... Why Ca2+ is chosen by nature for diverse regulations? • Specific and tight binding to effector proteins • Suitable coordination chemistry • Larger diameter and flexible coordination number • Can bind in to irregularly shaped protein cavities ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... the locomotion mode. Several types of junctions, such as gap junctions and N-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions, are thought to be involved in this process (81, 158, 168). Interestingly, recent studies suggest that N-cadherinmediated cell adhesion is important not only for neuronal migration but a ...
... the locomotion mode. Several types of junctions, such as gap junctions and N-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions, are thought to be involved in this process (81, 158, 168). Interestingly, recent studies suggest that N-cadherinmediated cell adhesion is important not only for neuronal migration but a ...
Extracellular Polyvalent Cation Block of Slow Na+ Channels in
... similar effects on the oocytes After a stable resting potential was achieved, input resistance (R) of the oocyte membrane was routinely measured by injecting a hyperpolanzing current (5 n A for 5 to 7 s) (Kado 1989) (R = 1 4 ± 0 1 Mfž, n — 45) Induction of sNa + channels was obtained either in curre ...
... similar effects on the oocytes After a stable resting potential was achieved, input resistance (R) of the oocyte membrane was routinely measured by injecting a hyperpolanzing current (5 n A for 5 to 7 s) (Kado 1989) (R = 1 4 ± 0 1 Mfž, n — 45) Induction of sNa + channels was obtained either in curre ...
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac
... (Heinrich and Holz 1998), where a nonspecific pore opens in the mitochondrial membrane (Griffiths 2000). This is a pore with a large maximal conductance (12 000 pS) but with multiple subconductance states, and an estimated pore diameter of 2 nm (Crompton and Costi 1990), apparently concentrated at t ...
... (Heinrich and Holz 1998), where a nonspecific pore opens in the mitochondrial membrane (Griffiths 2000). This is a pore with a large maximal conductance (12 000 pS) but with multiple subconductance states, and an estimated pore diameter of 2 nm (Crompton and Costi 1990), apparently concentrated at t ...
Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
Overview - Sinauer Associates
... current flows through gap junctions, which are specialized membrane channels that connect two cells. In contrast, chemical synapses enable cell-to-cell communication via the secretion of neurotransmitters; these chemical agents released by the presynaptic neurons produce secondary current flow in po ...
... current flows through gap junctions, which are specialized membrane channels that connect two cells. In contrast, chemical synapses enable cell-to-cell communication via the secretion of neurotransmitters; these chemical agents released by the presynaptic neurons produce secondary current flow in po ...
Author`s personal copy - Vanderbilt University
... pressure. Though the precise mechanisms that mediate or transduce this sensitivity are not clear, the axon of the retinal ganglion cell appears to be vulnerable to disease-relevant stressors early in progression. One reason may be because the axon is generally thin for both its unmyelinated and myel ...
... pressure. Though the precise mechanisms that mediate or transduce this sensitivity are not clear, the axon of the retinal ganglion cell appears to be vulnerable to disease-relevant stressors early in progression. One reason may be because the axon is generally thin for both its unmyelinated and myel ...
Individual olfactory sensory neurons project into more than one
... each of these branches bifurcated again giving rise to subbranches a1 and a2, as well as b1 and b2. The subbranches a1 and b1 innervated one glomerulus, and subbranches a2 and b2 ran into another glomerulus (Fig. 2E, schematically depicted in Fig. 2G; see Supplementary Material for a 3D rotatable re ...
... each of these branches bifurcated again giving rise to subbranches a1 and a2, as well as b1 and b2. The subbranches a1 and b1 innervated one glomerulus, and subbranches a2 and b2 ran into another glomerulus (Fig. 2E, schematically depicted in Fig. 2G; see Supplementary Material for a 3D rotatable re ...
Node of Ranvier
The nodes of Ranvier also known as myelin sheath gaps, are the gaps (approximately 1 micrometer in length) formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it. At nodes of Ranvier, the axonal membrane is uninsulated and, therefore, capable of generating electrical activity.