Revealing Past Memories: Proactive Interference
... and ISI on radial water maze performance. In experiment 1A, we examined performance at various delay intervals at 6 months (340 – 480 g) and again at 12 months (440 – 610 g) of age. These rats were also used for pilot ketamine experiments in the months between the 6- and 12-month-long delay testing. ...
... and ISI on radial water maze performance. In experiment 1A, we examined performance at various delay intervals at 6 months (340 – 480 g) and again at 12 months (440 – 610 g) of age. These rats were also used for pilot ketamine experiments in the months between the 6- and 12-month-long delay testing. ...
Dear Dr Neurologist - Fluoroquinolone Toxicity of the Thyroid
... and asymptomatic patients over time. As such, it is not a reliable “gateway screening” criterion in patients with negative ANA’s and obvious symptomatology representative of a variety of known neurological, neuromuscular, and rheumatological conditions. Based on current knowledge, FDA warnings, and ...
... and asymptomatic patients over time. As such, it is not a reliable “gateway screening” criterion in patients with negative ANA’s and obvious symptomatology representative of a variety of known neurological, neuromuscular, and rheumatological conditions. Based on current knowledge, FDA warnings, and ...
- CUNY Academic Works
... (VTA) and projects to forebrain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), amygdala (AMG) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). These forebrain regions will be referred to as the DA terminal regions. The neural mechanisms underlying this type of rewardrelated learning in this system are not fully understo ...
... (VTA) and projects to forebrain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), amygdala (AMG) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). These forebrain regions will be referred to as the DA terminal regions. The neural mechanisms underlying this type of rewardrelated learning in this system are not fully understo ...
Structure of bacterial luciferase
... Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the ~ subunit with that of the [3 subunit demonstrates that they share 32% sequence identity, and that the c~ subunit has 31 amino acid residues that are not present in the 13 subunit [2]. The apparent homology of the subunits has suggested that they should ha ...
... Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the ~ subunit with that of the [3 subunit demonstrates that they share 32% sequence identity, and that the c~ subunit has 31 amino acid residues that are not present in the 13 subunit [2]. The apparent homology of the subunits has suggested that they should ha ...
Contacts among non-sister dendritic branches at
... contact structure, n (simulation) = 16 BDIs, and 367 DDIs from 6 simulated images). Thus, DDIs, BDIs were ubiquitous and occurred more often than expected from random dendrodendritic contacts. Moreover, with a total of 1000 μm dendrite on average per cell, this means that virtually all neurons form ...
... contact structure, n (simulation) = 16 BDIs, and 367 DDIs from 6 simulated images). Thus, DDIs, BDIs were ubiquitous and occurred more often than expected from random dendrodendritic contacts. Moreover, with a total of 1000 μm dendrite on average per cell, this means that virtually all neurons form ...
Acute administration of typical and atypical antipsychotics reduces
... and distortions of reality. The proposed role of these gamma oscillations in conscious integration, sensory perception and cognition has led to the conceptualization that abnormalities in gamma frequency activity may underlie many aspects of schizophrenia symptomatology (Lee et al. 2003b), and indee ...
... and distortions of reality. The proposed role of these gamma oscillations in conscious integration, sensory perception and cognition has led to the conceptualization that abnormalities in gamma frequency activity may underlie many aspects of schizophrenia symptomatology (Lee et al. 2003b), and indee ...
Angiotensin II Increases Norepinephrine Release
... Medizinische Universitat zu Lubeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lubeck, FRG. ...
... Medizinische Universitat zu Lubeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lubeck, FRG. ...
Reassignment of the gene encoding the Escherichia coli
... This preparation contains a large subunit of 61 kDa which is electrophoretically indistinguishable from the large subunit present in the membrane-bound mature enzyme as revealed by Western immunoblot analysis. The second polypeptide of the trypsin-solubilised preparation, the small subunit, has an a ...
... This preparation contains a large subunit of 61 kDa which is electrophoretically indistinguishable from the large subunit present in the membrane-bound mature enzyme as revealed by Western immunoblot analysis. The second polypeptide of the trypsin-solubilised preparation, the small subunit, has an a ...
Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Oxidative Phosphorylation
... association of prosthetic groups (hemes, non-heme irons, flavins and copper atoms) with some polypeptides made in the mitochondrion and others made in the cytosol and then translocated to the organelle. This complicated process is poorly understood, but it requires various assembly factors, each of ...
... association of prosthetic groups (hemes, non-heme irons, flavins and copper atoms) with some polypeptides made in the mitochondrion and others made in the cytosol and then translocated to the organelle. This complicated process is poorly understood, but it requires various assembly factors, each of ...
N o v e l s ite s o... Johan Ohlson
... When the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (cox) subunit II gene from trypanosome was investigated something extraordinary was found. Four extra nucleotides were found in the mRNA of the cox II gene that were not present in the genomic sequence. Four uridines were inserted into the mRNA, creating a f ...
... When the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (cox) subunit II gene from trypanosome was investigated something extraordinary was found. Four extra nucleotides were found in the mRNA of the cox II gene that were not present in the genomic sequence. Four uridines were inserted into the mRNA, creating a f ...
The Glial Cell–Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Pathway
... sure et al., 1999; Rosenblad et al., 2000). The three-dimensional structure of GDNF has been determined at high resolution (Eigenbrot and Gerber, 1997). This structural information has made it possible to identify the surface residues in GDNF that are responsible for mediating interactions with GFR ...
... sure et al., 1999; Rosenblad et al., 2000). The three-dimensional structure of GDNF has been determined at high resolution (Eigenbrot and Gerber, 1997). This structural information has made it possible to identify the surface residues in GDNF that are responsible for mediating interactions with GFR ...
Immunohistochemical description of the endogenous cannabinoid
... the cerebellar synapses suggest that endocannabinoids act as retrograde messengers in the cerebellum. This role of the endocannabinoid system is confirmed by the finding of different types of endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity, including both short-term [depolarizationinduced suppression of ...
... the cerebellar synapses suggest that endocannabinoids act as retrograde messengers in the cerebellum. This role of the endocannabinoid system is confirmed by the finding of different types of endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity, including both short-term [depolarizationinduced suppression of ...
Oral L-glutamine increases GABA levels in
... were purchased from the Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA, USA). The animals were exposed to a 12 h light/dark cycle (7 AM to 7 PM). A standard rodent diet (LabDiet® 5P00), which lacks glutamine, and water were provided ad libitum. All experimental procedures were approved by the Massachuse ...
... were purchased from the Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA, USA). The animals were exposed to a 12 h light/dark cycle (7 AM to 7 PM). A standard rodent diet (LabDiet® 5P00), which lacks glutamine, and water were provided ad libitum. All experimental procedures were approved by the Massachuse ...
Full and Partial Agonists of Muscarinic M3 Receptors Reveal Single
... obtained from Invitrogen. All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Sigma Chemical or Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). ECL Plus reagents, Hyperfilm, and myo-[3H]inositol with PT6-271 (81Ci mmol⫺1) were from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK). G␣s polyc ...
... obtained from Invitrogen. All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Sigma Chemical or Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK). ECL Plus reagents, Hyperfilm, and myo-[3H]inositol with PT6-271 (81Ci mmol⫺1) were from GE Healthcare (Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, UK). G␣s polyc ...
Overview - Sinauer Associates
... 100 different neurotransmitters, which can be classified into two broad categories: small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (see Chapter 6). Having more than one transmitter diversifies the physiological repertoire of synapses. Multiple neurotransmitters can produce different types of res ...
... 100 different neurotransmitters, which can be classified into two broad categories: small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides (see Chapter 6). Having more than one transmitter diversifies the physiological repertoire of synapses. Multiple neurotransmitters can produce different types of res ...
Role of GABAA-Mediated Inhibition and Functional Assortment of
... L2/3 pyramidal cells [16], and that the sign of this plasticity outcome is variable-in some cases, pairing results in long-term potentiation (LTP), in some cases in long-term depression (LTD) and in some cases in no change (NC) of synaptic strength. The same is true for unitary L4-L4 connections [17 ...
... L2/3 pyramidal cells [16], and that the sign of this plasticity outcome is variable-in some cases, pairing results in long-term potentiation (LTP), in some cases in long-term depression (LTD) and in some cases in no change (NC) of synaptic strength. The same is true for unitary L4-L4 connections [17 ...
DMD # 35568 - Drug Metabolism and Disposition
... both the α and β isoforms, were defined as sterol sensors. In rodents, LXR activation increases hepatic cholesterol catabolism and formation of bile acids by inducing cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) (Peet et al., 1998). LXRs were later found to be an important regulator of SREBP-1c and lipogenes ...
... both the α and β isoforms, were defined as sterol sensors. In rodents, LXR activation increases hepatic cholesterol catabolism and formation of bile acids by inducing cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) (Peet et al., 1998). LXRs were later found to be an important regulator of SREBP-1c and lipogenes ...
Pregnane X Receptor Up-Regulation of P
... originally thought to present a passive, anatomical barrier to xenobiotics, it is now clear that the capillary endothelium is a complex, dynamic structure with selective, active components. The molecular basis for the active barrier is a number of multispecific efflux transporters that remove metabo ...
... originally thought to present a passive, anatomical barrier to xenobiotics, it is now clear that the capillary endothelium is a complex, dynamic structure with selective, active components. The molecular basis for the active barrier is a number of multispecific efflux transporters that remove metabo ...
Neurotransmitter Release
... of synaptic transmission is due to a team effort. When Ramón y Cajal followed in the footsteps of scientists like Kühne, Koelliker, and His, who had formulated the first concept of synapses, even though the actual term was coined much later, Cajal’s elegant prose and the fortunate opposition of Em ...
... of synaptic transmission is due to a team effort. When Ramón y Cajal followed in the footsteps of scientists like Kühne, Koelliker, and His, who had formulated the first concept of synapses, even though the actual term was coined much later, Cajal’s elegant prose and the fortunate opposition of Em ...
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel
... to directly inhibit Shaker-related voltage sensitive K+ -channels at low micromolar concentrations [41]. Although the effect was shared by THC and other polyunsaturated Nacylethanolamines, it was insensitive towards blockade by SR141716A. This suggests that the modulation of the K+ -channel was inde ...
... to directly inhibit Shaker-related voltage sensitive K+ -channels at low micromolar concentrations [41]. Although the effect was shared by THC and other polyunsaturated Nacylethanolamines, it was insensitive towards blockade by SR141716A. This suggests that the modulation of the K+ -channel was inde ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... Introduction Steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives that serve as signaling molecules to coordinate the expression of complex gene programs in higher eukaryotes. These molecules exert their effects by diffusing into cells and interacting with specific intracellular receptors. Receptors for eac ...
... Introduction Steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives that serve as signaling molecules to coordinate the expression of complex gene programs in higher eukaryotes. These molecules exert their effects by diffusing into cells and interacting with specific intracellular receptors. Receptors for eac ...
The Physiology, Signaling, and Pharmacology of Dopamine Receptors
... activates members of a family of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors named D1 to D5. Targeting these receptors using specific agonists and antagonists has provided an opportunity to significantly influence dopaminergic transmission and dopamine-dependent functions by enhancing or blocking the actio ...
... activates members of a family of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors named D1 to D5. Targeting these receptors using specific agonists and antagonists has provided an opportunity to significantly influence dopaminergic transmission and dopamine-dependent functions by enhancing or blocking the actio ...
Hypoglossal Nerve Response to 5-HT3 Drugs Injected into the XII
... Microinjections of 5-HT and 5-HT3 receptor agonists and antagonists were placed within one XII nucleus (typically the right nucleus) using glass pipettes, as described previously.26 Single-barrel glass pipettes with tip diameters of 20—30 mm were filled with one of the drugs and placed in a three-di ...
... Microinjections of 5-HT and 5-HT3 receptor agonists and antagonists were placed within one XII nucleus (typically the right nucleus) using glass pipettes, as described previously.26 Single-barrel glass pipettes with tip diameters of 20—30 mm were filled with one of the drugs and placed in a three-di ...
Differential Classical Conditioning of the Gill
... GWR (Pinsker et al., 1970; Ezzeddine and Glanzman, 2003). We observed significant habituation of the GWR in additional experiments in which the same number of CSs were alternately given to the siphon at the same rate of stimulation used for differential conditioning, but in which the US was withheld ...
... GWR (Pinsker et al., 1970; Ezzeddine and Glanzman, 2003). We observed significant habituation of the GWR in additional experiments in which the same number of CSs were alternately given to the siphon at the same rate of stimulation used for differential conditioning, but in which the US was withheld ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.