Medical Policy Ketamine HCl for Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders
... reduction in implicit associations between self- and escape related words but was not seen in the midazolam group. The authors concluded that IV ketamine produces rapid reductions in suicidal cognition over and above active placebo. Further research is warranted to test ketamine’s antisuicidal effec ...
... reduction in implicit associations between self- and escape related words but was not seen in the midazolam group. The authors concluded that IV ketamine produces rapid reductions in suicidal cognition over and above active placebo. Further research is warranted to test ketamine’s antisuicidal effec ...
all about salvia divinorum
... The Mazatec curanderos use S. divinorum (which they call las hojas de la Maria Pastora -- the leaves of Mary the Shepherdess) both as a hallucinogen and a general healing herb. When used as a hallucinogen, one of three methods are used: chewi ng a quid of leaves, smoking, and drinking an infusion. W ...
... The Mazatec curanderos use S. divinorum (which they call las hojas de la Maria Pastora -- the leaves of Mary the Shepherdess) both as a hallucinogen and a general healing herb. When used as a hallucinogen, one of three methods are used: chewi ng a quid of leaves, smoking, and drinking an infusion. W ...
Fatty acid amide hydrolase - The Scripps Research Institute
... [22] (Table 1). The myriad pharmacological properties displayed by CB1 agonists may reflect the broad expression pattern of this receptor in the nervous system [23], and medicinal chemistry efforts to create CB1 agonists that possess a subset of these activities have, to date, met with little succe ...
... [22] (Table 1). The myriad pharmacological properties displayed by CB1 agonists may reflect the broad expression pattern of this receptor in the nervous system [23], and medicinal chemistry efforts to create CB1 agonists that possess a subset of these activities have, to date, met with little succe ...
Salvinorin A: A novel and highly selective n
... (Roth et al., 2002; Chavkin et al., 2004). Salvinorin A is the main active ingredient of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum-a member of the sage family (Valdes et al., 1983; Siebert, 1994). In humans, ingestion of Salvia divinorum via mastication of a quid induces a short-lived experience whi ...
... (Roth et al., 2002; Chavkin et al., 2004). Salvinorin A is the main active ingredient of the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum-a member of the sage family (Valdes et al., 1983; Siebert, 1994). In humans, ingestion of Salvia divinorum via mastication of a quid induces a short-lived experience whi ...
Differential GABAB Receptor Modulation of Ethanol Effects on
... GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and generates both fast and slow inhibitory synaptic activity in many types of neurons. There are two major types of GABA receptors (GABAA and GABAB) that mediate GABA neurotransmission. The GABAA receptor is a ligand-gated chloride channel co ...
... GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and generates both fast and slow inhibitory synaptic activity in many types of neurons. There are two major types of GABA receptors (GABAA and GABAB) that mediate GABA neurotransmission. The GABAA receptor is a ligand-gated chloride channel co ...
BDNF-induced local protein synthesis and synaptic
... element on the 30 UTR of the Arc mRNA showed a moderate ability to target these transcripts to dendrites (Kobayashi et al., 2005). However, it is currently unknown whether hnRNPA2 is required for Arc mRNA trafficking along dendrites in vivo and the identity of the trans-acting factors that recognize ...
... element on the 30 UTR of the Arc mRNA showed a moderate ability to target these transcripts to dendrites (Kobayashi et al., 2005). However, it is currently unknown whether hnRNPA2 is required for Arc mRNA trafficking along dendrites in vivo and the identity of the trans-acting factors that recognize ...
Stimulation Within the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Can Evoke
... Smith 1993). Recent experiments using a neonatal rat brain stem-spinal cord preparation have shown that stimulation of the RVLM can elicit excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in SPNs that are mediated by an excitatory amino acid acting on both non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA receptor ...
... Smith 1993). Recent experiments using a neonatal rat brain stem-spinal cord preparation have shown that stimulation of the RVLM can elicit excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in SPNs that are mediated by an excitatory amino acid acting on both non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and NMDA receptor ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... neuromuscular junctions is correlated with an augmentation of presynaptic Ca2+ influx from extracellular space. Although it has been proposed that NT-induced enhancement of neurotransmitter release is due to enhanced Ca2+ signaling in the presynaptic nerve terminal (Stoop and Poo 1995, 1996), very l ...
... neuromuscular junctions is correlated with an augmentation of presynaptic Ca2+ influx from extracellular space. Although it has been proposed that NT-induced enhancement of neurotransmitter release is due to enhanced Ca2+ signaling in the presynaptic nerve terminal (Stoop and Poo 1995, 1996), very l ...
Pharmacological Approaches to Fat Loss: Targeting
... of Ephedra is the Chinese herb ma huang. Its active ingredient is ephedrine. Ephedrine is an alkaloid that acts as a sympathomimetic and has thermogenic and anorectic properties. It is commonly used as a smooth muscle dilator in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis and nasal congestion. So what does ...
... of Ephedra is the Chinese herb ma huang. Its active ingredient is ephedrine. Ephedrine is an alkaloid that acts as a sympathomimetic and has thermogenic and anorectic properties. It is commonly used as a smooth muscle dilator in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis and nasal congestion. So what does ...
PowerPoint Template
... compounds with “second messenger” character. One main pathway, the formation of diacylglycerol and Ins(1,4,5)P3 from PtdIns(4,5)P2, has already been described in Section 6.4 and Fig. 6.4. Other major compounds of regulatory importance can be formed by phosphorylation at the 3’ position of the inosit ...
... compounds with “second messenger” character. One main pathway, the formation of diacylglycerol and Ins(1,4,5)P3 from PtdIns(4,5)P2, has already been described in Section 6.4 and Fig. 6.4. Other major compounds of regulatory importance can be formed by phosphorylation at the 3’ position of the inosit ...
(Nurr1, Nur77, and Nor-1) by Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics i
... by dopamine antagonists (antipsychotic drugs) (Beaudry et al., 2000). Contrasting patterns of Nur77 expression were demonstrated after acute administration of haloperidol and clozapine (Beaudry et al., 2000; Langlois et al., 2001). Interestingly, induction of Nur77 in the striatum did not desensitiz ...
... by dopamine antagonists (antipsychotic drugs) (Beaudry et al., 2000). Contrasting patterns of Nur77 expression were demonstrated after acute administration of haloperidol and clozapine (Beaudry et al., 2000; Langlois et al., 2001). Interestingly, induction of Nur77 in the striatum did not desensitiz ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... participation of Ca+t ions in the plastic phenomena since NMDA receptor activation raises Ca+t conductance into postsynaptic cells. The resulting Ca+ fluxes may trigger off synaptic modifications. Apart from the investigations concerning the role of NMDA receptors in visual cortical plasticity, ther ...
... participation of Ca+t ions in the plastic phenomena since NMDA receptor activation raises Ca+t conductance into postsynaptic cells. The resulting Ca+ fluxes may trigger off synaptic modifications. Apart from the investigations concerning the role of NMDA receptors in visual cortical plasticity, ther ...
Identification of the Amino Terminus of Neuronal Ca2
... were made in the two-electrode voltage-clamp configuration with a chloride-free solution containing (in mM): Ba(OH)2 40, TEA-OH 50, KOH 2, niflumic acid 0.4, H EPES 5, pH 7.4 with methanesulfonic acid. In some experiments niflumic acid was omitted, and oocytes were injected with 30 – 40 nl of a 100 ...
... were made in the two-electrode voltage-clamp configuration with a chloride-free solution containing (in mM): Ba(OH)2 40, TEA-OH 50, KOH 2, niflumic acid 0.4, H EPES 5, pH 7.4 with methanesulfonic acid. In some experiments niflumic acid was omitted, and oocytes were injected with 30 – 40 nl of a 100 ...
Increased Agonist Affinity at the
... desensitization in live cells. Fluorescent opioid ligands (an agonist and an antagonist) were imaged to study their binding kinetics to MOR in HEK293 cells that expressed a FLAG-tagged MOR. Prolonged treatment of MOR cells with a protocol known to result in desensitization dramatically slowed the ra ...
... desensitization in live cells. Fluorescent opioid ligands (an agonist and an antagonist) were imaged to study their binding kinetics to MOR in HEK293 cells that expressed a FLAG-tagged MOR. Prolonged treatment of MOR cells with a protocol known to result in desensitization dramatically slowed the ra ...
GPCR endocytosis confers uniformity in responses to chemically
... recognized that there are multiple sources of functional diversity at GPCRs, involving not only equilibrium affinity and intrinsic efficacy of the drug, but also kinetics of the drug-GPCR interaction and an extended theoretical formulation of intrinsic efficacy that is now called functional selectiv ...
... recognized that there are multiple sources of functional diversity at GPCRs, involving not only equilibrium affinity and intrinsic efficacy of the drug, but also kinetics of the drug-GPCR interaction and an extended theoretical formulation of intrinsic efficacy that is now called functional selectiv ...
Neurotransmitters, Drugs and Brain Function Wiley
... After an overview of neurotransmitter systems and function and a consideration of which substances can be classified as neurotransmitters, section A deals with their release, effects on neuronal excitability and receptor interaction. The synaptic physiology and pharmacology and possible brain functi ...
... After an overview of neurotransmitter systems and function and a consideration of which substances can be classified as neurotransmitters, section A deals with their release, effects on neuronal excitability and receptor interaction. The synaptic physiology and pharmacology and possible brain functi ...
Material and methods - HAL
... tegmental area or substantia nigra project [4]. D2 receptors located on histaminergic nerve endings do not seem to be involved since apomorphine fails to significantly affect histamine release from slices of rat cerebral cortex [5]. In rats or mice receiving methamphetamine repeatedly and showing lo ...
... tegmental area or substantia nigra project [4]. D2 receptors located on histaminergic nerve endings do not seem to be involved since apomorphine fails to significantly affect histamine release from slices of rat cerebral cortex [5]. In rats or mice receiving methamphetamine repeatedly and showing lo ...
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Molecular Switches Regulating CNS
... Growth factors that act both on neurons and glia, mediate a variety of physiological functions from early embryonic to the adult state, including synaptic plasticity, cell survival, and death in the CNS [6–10]. Hence, trophic factors and their corresponding receptor-mediated signalling pathways invo ...
... Growth factors that act both on neurons and glia, mediate a variety of physiological functions from early embryonic to the adult state, including synaptic plasticity, cell survival, and death in the CNS [6–10]. Hence, trophic factors and their corresponding receptor-mediated signalling pathways invo ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... The basis of signaling the postsynaptic state NMDA receptors – Open when the postsynaptic membrane becomes depolarized – Allow influx of calcium ions The excess of intracellular calcium can thus indicate the coactivation of pre- and postsynaptic activity ...
... The basis of signaling the postsynaptic state NMDA receptors – Open when the postsynaptic membrane becomes depolarized – Allow influx of calcium ions The excess of intracellular calcium can thus indicate the coactivation of pre- and postsynaptic activity ...
Print
... hippocampus (188), as well as throughout the brain, where activation of CB1 by endocannabinoids can efficiently veto neurotransmitter release in many distinct types of synapses (see sect. IV). The conditions of synthesis, release, distance of diffusion, duration of effect, and site of action were al ...
... hippocampus (188), as well as throughout the brain, where activation of CB1 by endocannabinoids can efficiently veto neurotransmitter release in many distinct types of synapses (see sect. IV). The conditions of synthesis, release, distance of diffusion, duration of effect, and site of action were al ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... The basis of signaling the postsynaptic state NMDA receptors – Open when the postsynaptic membrane becomes depolarized – Allow influx of calcium ions The excess of intracellular calcium can thus indicate the coactivation of pre- and postsynaptic activity ...
... The basis of signaling the postsynaptic state NMDA receptors – Open when the postsynaptic membrane becomes depolarized – Allow influx of calcium ions The excess of intracellular calcium can thus indicate the coactivation of pre- and postsynaptic activity ...
The Magic Mint - Stephanie Nichole Halbleib
... • Activated endogenous by peptides (like endorphins), or exogenously by alkaloid opiates (such as morphine) • Signal transduction is theorized as follows: – Activation is coupled to the G protein which increases phosphodiesterase activity – Breaks down cAMP, producing an inhibitory effect in neurons ...
... • Activated endogenous by peptides (like endorphins), or exogenously by alkaloid opiates (such as morphine) • Signal transduction is theorized as follows: – Activation is coupled to the G protein which increases phosphodiesterase activity – Breaks down cAMP, producing an inhibitory effect in neurons ...
Dopamine D2 Receptor Priming Enhances Dopaminergic Response
... 2005). Cognitive impairment is present in schizophrenia and has been suggested to be the „core‟ of behavioral deficits present in the disorder (Elvevag and Goldman 2000). This suggestion follows the discovery that 94% of patients with schizophrenia have neurocognitive deficits in the areas of memory ...
... 2005). Cognitive impairment is present in schizophrenia and has been suggested to be the „core‟ of behavioral deficits present in the disorder (Elvevag and Goldman 2000). This suggestion follows the discovery that 94% of patients with schizophrenia have neurocognitive deficits in the areas of memory ...
Volatile Solvents as Drugs of Abuse: Focus on the Cortico
... Volatile solvents such as those found in fuels, paints, and thinners are found throughout the world and are used in a variety of industrial applications. However, these compounds are also often intentionally inhaled at high concentrations to produce intoxication. While solvent use has been recognize ...
... Volatile solvents such as those found in fuels, paints, and thinners are found throughout the world and are used in a variety of industrial applications. However, these compounds are also often intentionally inhaled at high concentrations to produce intoxication. While solvent use has been recognize ...
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity: common themes
... When the time constants of potentiation and depression in the window function are identical (Fig. 1B, E), STDP discourages the formation of short, mutually excitatory loops. Namely, if neuron A is predictive of the firing of neuron B, then neuron B cannot be predictive of the firing of neuron A and mu ...
... When the time constants of potentiation and depression in the window function are identical (Fig. 1B, E), STDP discourages the formation of short, mutually excitatory loops. Namely, if neuron A is predictive of the firing of neuron B, then neuron B cannot be predictive of the firing of neuron A and mu ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.