Barbiturate
... Adolf von Baeyer. This was done by condensing urea (an animal waste product) with diethyl malonate (an ester derived from the acid of apples). There are several stories about how the substance got its name. The most likely story is that Von Baeyer and his colleagues went to celebrate their discovery ...
... Adolf von Baeyer. This was done by condensing urea (an animal waste product) with diethyl malonate (an ester derived from the acid of apples). There are several stories about how the substance got its name. The most likely story is that Von Baeyer and his colleagues went to celebrate their discovery ...
Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs on Extracellular Dopamine Levels in
... selective D2/3 receptor antagonist raclopride to increase DA release in the mPFC but not in the STR, whereas ritanserin alone had no effect on DA release in either region (Andersson et al., 1995). These data suggest that the 5-HT2A receptor antagonism, together with blockade of D2-like receptors (D2 ...
... selective D2/3 receptor antagonist raclopride to increase DA release in the mPFC but not in the STR, whereas ritanserin alone had no effect on DA release in either region (Andersson et al., 1995). These data suggest that the 5-HT2A receptor antagonism, together with blockade of D2-like receptors (D2 ...
Ciliary neurotrophic factor may activate mature
... (Lisovoski et al., 1997), the very restricted areas in which this activation was observed around sites of potential delivery of the cytokine had led us to hypothesize either that CNTF did not spread freely far away from these sites or that a high concentration of the cytokine was required. The prese ...
... (Lisovoski et al., 1997), the very restricted areas in which this activation was observed around sites of potential delivery of the cytokine had led us to hypothesize either that CNTF did not spread freely far away from these sites or that a high concentration of the cytokine was required. The prese ...
Interactions between endothelin-1 and the renin–angiotensin
... The observation that, despite this inhibitory effect on renin, ET-1 was found to markedly stimulate aldosterone secretion both in animals and in humans, suggested a direct effect of the peptide on the adrenal cortex (for review, see Ref. [10]). This contention was confirmed by findings of abundant s ...
... The observation that, despite this inhibitory effect on renin, ET-1 was found to markedly stimulate aldosterone secretion both in animals and in humans, suggested a direct effect of the peptide on the adrenal cortex (for review, see Ref. [10]). This contention was confirmed by findings of abundant s ...
Alfred G. Gilman - Nobel Lecture
... An interesting side activity at this time was study of the ADP-ribosylation of Gs by cholera toxin. That this occurred was very strongly implied by the work of Gill {30}, Vaughan {31}, and Bourne (32) and was proven with purification of the protein. However, as purification proceeded, the capacity o ...
... An interesting side activity at this time was study of the ADP-ribosylation of Gs by cholera toxin. That this occurred was very strongly implied by the work of Gill {30}, Vaughan {31}, and Bourne (32) and was proven with purification of the protein. However, as purification proceeded, the capacity o ...
Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrop ...
... pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopaminergic neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrop ...
Minireview The Neurokinin-1 Receptor in Addictive Processes
... contrast to the effects that are typically observed with CRH-R1 antagonism. CRH-R1 inhibitors generally show anxiolysis only under conditions in which anxiety has been elevated, such as after stress, drug withdrawal, or genetic selection for increased anxiety (Heilig and Koob, 2007; Rotzinger et al. ...
... contrast to the effects that are typically observed with CRH-R1 antagonism. CRH-R1 inhibitors generally show anxiolysis only under conditions in which anxiety has been elevated, such as after stress, drug withdrawal, or genetic selection for increased anxiety (Heilig and Koob, 2007; Rotzinger et al. ...
Naltrexone potentiates anti-HIV-1 activity of antiretroviral drugs in
... naltrexone would alter the antiviral properties of zidovudine (AZT) or indinavir. Activated CD4+ lymphocytes were infected with a monocytotropic or T-cell tropic HIV-1 isolate, and p24 antigen levels were measured in supernatants of drug-treated or untreated (control) cultures. While naltrexone alon ...
... naltrexone would alter the antiviral properties of zidovudine (AZT) or indinavir. Activated CD4+ lymphocytes were infected with a monocytotropic or T-cell tropic HIV-1 isolate, and p24 antigen levels were measured in supernatants of drug-treated or untreated (control) cultures. While naltrexone alon ...
Alterations in Synaptic Strength Preceding Axon Withdrawal
... hemicholinium – 3 they turned to decreases in the density of AChRs in the areas of the postsynaptic membrane. Given that a low density of AChRs could account for small quantal responses, area with low density of receptor density were identified in NMJs and overlying nerve terminals were studied for ...
... hemicholinium – 3 they turned to decreases in the density of AChRs in the areas of the postsynaptic membrane. Given that a low density of AChRs could account for small quantal responses, area with low density of receptor density were identified in NMJs and overlying nerve terminals were studied for ...
Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity
... man. In 1953, he underwent a bilateral surgical removal of the medial temporal lobes for the treatment of his seizure. While his seizures improved significantly, he emerged from the surgery with irreparable damage: he appeared to have lost his ability to form new memories. He did not recognize docto ...
... man. In 1953, he underwent a bilateral surgical removal of the medial temporal lobes for the treatment of his seizure. While his seizures improved significantly, he emerged from the surgery with irreparable damage: he appeared to have lost his ability to form new memories. He did not recognize docto ...
Topographic Organization of Sensory Projection to the Olfactory Bulb
... structure of an odor can often lead to profound changes in perceived odor quality. The initial step in olfactory discrimination requires the interaction of odorous ligands with a family of seven transmembrane domain receptors on olfactory sensory neurons. The repertoire of mammalian olfactory recept ...
... structure of an odor can often lead to profound changes in perceived odor quality. The initial step in olfactory discrimination requires the interaction of odorous ligands with a family of seven transmembrane domain receptors on olfactory sensory neurons. The repertoire of mammalian olfactory recept ...
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Aplysia californica and Molecular
... postsynaptic cell. Sufficient agonist-receptor binding results in superthreshold depolarization that triggers an action potential, thereby transmitting information. iGluR also play a significant role in synaptic plasticity associated with learning (Roche, et al. 1994; Kandel 2001; Paoletti, et al. 2 ...
... postsynaptic cell. Sufficient agonist-receptor binding results in superthreshold depolarization that triggers an action potential, thereby transmitting information. iGluR also play a significant role in synaptic plasticity associated with learning (Roche, et al. 1994; Kandel 2001; Paoletti, et al. 2 ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... A BIT OF HISTORY Although the glutamate has been known a neurotransmitter for almost 25 years, its transport into the synaptic vesicles was long undiscovered. In 1994 Ni and coworkers discovered a gene upregulated in a primary culture of rat cerebellar granule cells after treatment with N-methyl-D-a ...
... A BIT OF HISTORY Although the glutamate has been known a neurotransmitter for almost 25 years, its transport into the synaptic vesicles was long undiscovered. In 1994 Ni and coworkers discovered a gene upregulated in a primary culture of rat cerebellar granule cells after treatment with N-methyl-D-a ...
Modification of Practice-dependent Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex
... wrist or arm; the other requirement was that the direction of TMSinduced thumb movements was sufficiently consistent (Bütefisch et al., 2000). Consistency was tested before drug intake (PRE1, Fig. 1B) by obtaining 40 TMS-induced thumb movements (inter-trial interval, 10 s). Acceleration vectors were ...
... wrist or arm; the other requirement was that the direction of TMSinduced thumb movements was sufficiently consistent (Bütefisch et al., 2000). Consistency was tested before drug intake (PRE1, Fig. 1B) by obtaining 40 TMS-induced thumb movements (inter-trial interval, 10 s). Acceleration vectors were ...
Case History - Children`s Hospital of Michigan
... DXM). Dextrorphan blocks the NMDA receptor (calcium channel) by binding to the PCP (phencyclidine) site. In fact, the structural similarities between DXM and PCP may cause a false positive drug screen for PCP. DXM has also been shown to block N- and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels and nico ...
... DXM). Dextrorphan blocks the NMDA receptor (calcium channel) by binding to the PCP (phencyclidine) site. In fact, the structural similarities between DXM and PCP may cause a false positive drug screen for PCP. DXM has also been shown to block N- and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels and nico ...
Drugs acting on RAAS by Dr Vignesh S
... ARBs - well tolerated in patients who are intolerant of ACEIused in symptomatic and asymptomatic pts of HFrEF <40% who are ACE-intolerant for reasons other than hyperkalemia or renal insufficiency As with ACEI, ARBs should also be initiated in low doses, uptitrated every 3-5 days, and BP,RFT,Potassi ...
... ARBs - well tolerated in patients who are intolerant of ACEIused in symptomatic and asymptomatic pts of HFrEF <40% who are ACE-intolerant for reasons other than hyperkalemia or renal insufficiency As with ACEI, ARBs should also be initiated in low doses, uptitrated every 3-5 days, and BP,RFT,Potassi ...
The Role of Histamine H1 , H2 and H3 Receptors on Enteric
... 1987; Tamura et al., 1988; Taylor and Kilpatrick, 1992; Bertaccini and Coruzzi, 1995). In addition histamine has a presynaptic inhibitory action on nicotinic synaptic transmission in the myenteric plexus (Tamura et al., 1988). Thus there is ample evidence that histamine has multiple sites of action ...
... 1987; Tamura et al., 1988; Taylor and Kilpatrick, 1992; Bertaccini and Coruzzi, 1995). In addition histamine has a presynaptic inhibitory action on nicotinic synaptic transmission in the myenteric plexus (Tamura et al., 1988). Thus there is ample evidence that histamine has multiple sites of action ...
Document
... Ibogaine might increase signal transmission through opiate receptors by an effect that is independent of substitute/agonist binding to the receptor. Pretreatment Dependent / tolerant ...
... Ibogaine might increase signal transmission through opiate receptors by an effect that is independent of substitute/agonist binding to the receptor. Pretreatment Dependent / tolerant ...
patrick_ch22_p1
... Charged -nitrogen can only reach the polar agonist region The antagonist binding region is out of range Histamine can only bind as an agonist Histamine acts as a pure agonist ...
... Charged -nitrogen can only reach the polar agonist region The antagonist binding region is out of range Histamine can only bind as an agonist Histamine acts as a pure agonist ...
Linköping University Post Print Incentive Learning Underlying Cocaine-
... addiction often occurs following exposure to environmental stimuli previously associated with drug taking. The metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5, is potentially important in this respect; it plays a central role in several forms of striatal synaptic plasticity proposed to underpin associative ...
... addiction often occurs following exposure to environmental stimuli previously associated with drug taking. The metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5, is potentially important in this respect; it plays a central role in several forms of striatal synaptic plasticity proposed to underpin associative ...
Pharm of the Adrenal Cortex
... Circulating aldosterone binds w/low affinity to transcortin (aka corticotropin binding globulin), and a specific mineralocorticoid binding protein o 50-60% of circulating aldosterone is bound to transport proteins, elimination half-life: 20 minutes o orally administered aldosterone – high first pa ...
... Circulating aldosterone binds w/low affinity to transcortin (aka corticotropin binding globulin), and a specific mineralocorticoid binding protein o 50-60% of circulating aldosterone is bound to transport proteins, elimination half-life: 20 minutes o orally administered aldosterone – high first pa ...
Fut u re N
... malignant synaptic growth results from poor separation of memory encoding and retrieval. When novel encoding is performed simultaneously with memory retrieval, the to-be-learned content is merged with the retrieved memory instead of forming its own representation. This process is shown schematically ...
... malignant synaptic growth results from poor separation of memory encoding and retrieval. When novel encoding is performed simultaneously with memory retrieval, the to-be-learned content is merged with the retrieved memory instead of forming its own representation. This process is shown schematically ...
Inan et al., 2006
... layer IV) on a vibratome (VT1000S; Leica) into 50-m-thick tangential sections. Sections were then mounted and dried for 1 d on a slide warmer at 37°C. Slides were dehydrated and rehydrated in graded alcohol, then fixed in 10% formalin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and stained with 0.2% cresyl violet solut ...
... layer IV) on a vibratome (VT1000S; Leica) into 50-m-thick tangential sections. Sections were then mounted and dried for 1 d on a slide warmer at 37°C. Slides were dehydrated and rehydrated in graded alcohol, then fixed in 10% formalin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) and stained with 0.2% cresyl violet solut ...
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels and the Propagation of Action
... vesicles containing neurotransmitters with the plasma membrane, releasing neurotransmitters from this presynaptic cell into the synaptic cleft, the narrow space separating it from postsynaptic cells (Figure 7-31). It takes about 0.5 millisecond (ms) for neurotransmitters to diffuse across the synapt ...
... vesicles containing neurotransmitters with the plasma membrane, releasing neurotransmitters from this presynaptic cell into the synaptic cleft, the narrow space separating it from postsynaptic cells (Figure 7-31). It takes about 0.5 millisecond (ms) for neurotransmitters to diffuse across the synapt ...
Can regenerating axons recapitulate developmental
... the neural pathway1,2. Basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) and WNT proteins stimulate differentiation into anterior neural structures, whereas retinoids stimulate posterior neural fates 3–6. In the developing spinal cord, the floor plate and nearby notochord secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), which s ...
... the neural pathway1,2. Basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) and WNT proteins stimulate differentiation into anterior neural structures, whereas retinoids stimulate posterior neural fates 3–6. In the developing spinal cord, the floor plate and nearby notochord secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), which s ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.