Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase: Closure of the B
... between Leu 650 to Ile 775. Following this refinement cycle, the R-factor decreased to 35.0%. With over 5800 amino acid residues in the asymmetric unit, the goal of the modelbuilding process was to lower the R-factor as much as possible using an “averaged” R,β-heterodimer before finally rebuilding t ...
... between Leu 650 to Ile 775. Following this refinement cycle, the R-factor decreased to 35.0%. With over 5800 amino acid residues in the asymmetric unit, the goal of the modelbuilding process was to lower the R-factor as much as possible using an “averaged” R,β-heterodimer before finally rebuilding t ...
PapD-like chaperones and pilus biogenesis
... The various surface organelles assembled by Gramnegative bacteria, including pili, flagella, and other macromolecular structures, have to withstand the considerable forces that they experience in carrying out their functions. A flagellum that breaks apart daring the first stroke is of little use to ...
... The various surface organelles assembled by Gramnegative bacteria, including pili, flagella, and other macromolecular structures, have to withstand the considerable forces that they experience in carrying out their functions. A flagellum that breaks apart daring the first stroke is of little use to ...
The immunomodulatory actions of adenosine during systemic
... reduces heart rate, lowers blood pressure and induces coronary vasodilatation. Approximately a decade ago, adenosine was recognised as a signalling molecule that is able to signal inflammation as well as modulate the inflammatory response. 5,6 During systemic inflammation, adenosine concentrations i ...
... reduces heart rate, lowers blood pressure and induces coronary vasodilatation. Approximately a decade ago, adenosine was recognised as a signalling molecule that is able to signal inflammation as well as modulate the inflammatory response. 5,6 During systemic inflammation, adenosine concentrations i ...
A structural comparison of molybdenum cofactor
... eubacteria and include among others DMSO reductase, the dissimilatory nitrate reductases, several formate dehydrogenases and pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase (Table 1). With the exception of transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and t ...
... eubacteria and include among others DMSO reductase, the dissimilatory nitrate reductases, several formate dehydrogenases and pyrogallol-phloroglucinol transhydroxylase (Table 1). With the exception of transhydroxylase, most of these enzymes serve as terminal reductases in the absence of oxygen and t ...
Platelet Dense Granule Membranes Contain Both
... granules. Release of these molecules after platelet stimulation results in their interaction with other platelets, blood cells, and the vessel wall. These secreted components contribute to promotion of hemostasis, wound healing, and formation of atherosclerotic plaques. In particular, secretion of d ...
... granules. Release of these molecules after platelet stimulation results in their interaction with other platelets, blood cells, and the vessel wall. These secreted components contribute to promotion of hemostasis, wound healing, and formation of atherosclerotic plaques. In particular, secretion of d ...
Preparation of right-side-out plasma membrane
... drial and microsomal fractions, while vanadate-sensitive ATPase activity was detected in all fractions, although the majority was in the 35 Ks supernantant fraction. However, the activities here displayed a lower degree of latency in the presence of Triton X-100 (Fig. 2) with respect to the microsom ...
... drial and microsomal fractions, while vanadate-sensitive ATPase activity was detected in all fractions, although the majority was in the 35 Ks supernantant fraction. However, the activities here displayed a lower degree of latency in the presence of Triton X-100 (Fig. 2) with respect to the microsom ...
Proteasome inhibition induces reversible impairments in protein
... proteasome inhibitors to impair neuronal protein synthesis occurs prior to neuron death, at concentrations that also inhibit proteasome activity, and demonstrate a relationship between the concentrations of inhibitor necessary to impair protein synthesis and the LD50 for the different inhibitors. Si ...
... proteasome inhibitors to impair neuronal protein synthesis occurs prior to neuron death, at concentrations that also inhibit proteasome activity, and demonstrate a relationship between the concentrations of inhibitor necessary to impair protein synthesis and the LD50 for the different inhibitors. Si ...
The Structure of the PanD/PanZ Protein Complex
... backbone between residues Gly24 and Ser25, leading to the formation of a pyruvoyl cofactor from Ser25 (Figure 1B). The residues in PanD required for activation have been previously explored by mutagenesis. As expected, mutation of Ser25 to alanine leads to loss of activation (Schmitzberger et al., 2 ...
... backbone between residues Gly24 and Ser25, leading to the formation of a pyruvoyl cofactor from Ser25 (Figure 1B). The residues in PanD required for activation have been previously explored by mutagenesis. As expected, mutation of Ser25 to alanine leads to loss of activation (Schmitzberger et al., 2 ...
The role of sphingolipid metabolism in cutaneous
... embedded in an extracellular, highly ordered lipid matrix of hydrophobic lipids consisting of about 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol and 15% long and very long chain fatty acids. The most important lipids for the epidermal barrier are ceramides. The scaffold of the lipid matrix is built of acylceramid ...
... embedded in an extracellular, highly ordered lipid matrix of hydrophobic lipids consisting of about 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol and 15% long and very long chain fatty acids. The most important lipids for the epidermal barrier are ceramides. The scaffold of the lipid matrix is built of acylceramid ...
Document
... • An enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction at a specifically structured active site, being often a pocket. • Enzymes have extraordinary catalytic power, often far ...
... • An enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction at a specifically structured active site, being often a pocket. • Enzymes have extraordinary catalytic power, often far ...
Formate Dehydrogenase, Molecular Modeling and Docking with
... Swiss. As shown in Fig. 2, the Formate dehydrogenase from O. parapolymorpha DL-1 was modeled into dimer structure. As shown in Fig. 3A, the Ramachandran plot for FDH suggested 87.1%, 12.6%, 0.3% and 0.0% for residues in most favoured regions, additional allowed regions, generously allowed regions an ...
... Swiss. As shown in Fig. 2, the Formate dehydrogenase from O. parapolymorpha DL-1 was modeled into dimer structure. As shown in Fig. 3A, the Ramachandran plot for FDH suggested 87.1%, 12.6%, 0.3% and 0.0% for residues in most favoured regions, additional allowed regions, generously allowed regions an ...
FtsZ - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
Type III secretion: The bacteria-eukaryotic cell
... switch, and that this domain is conserved among several other YscP orthologues [16]. There is structural evidence that the injectisome base undergoes conformational changes upon needle assembly [4]. These conformational changes may be a consequence of the substrate specificity switch mechanism, but t ...
... switch, and that this domain is conserved among several other YscP orthologues [16]. There is structural evidence that the injectisome base undergoes conformational changes upon needle assembly [4]. These conformational changes may be a consequence of the substrate specificity switch mechanism, but t ...
9. proteins i
... They are, therefore, essential to cell structure and cell function. The proteins with catalytic activity (enzymes) are largely responsible for determining the phenotype or properties of a cell in a particular environment. The total hereditary material of the cell or genotype dictates which type of p ...
... They are, therefore, essential to cell structure and cell function. The proteins with catalytic activity (enzymes) are largely responsible for determining the phenotype or properties of a cell in a particular environment. The total hereditary material of the cell or genotype dictates which type of p ...
Extracellular ATP signaling in plants
... complexes with G protein-coupled receptors for nucleotides or nucleosides [29]. Thus, purinergic signaling is achieved via the expression of receptors and ecto-enzymes and through their direct interaction within a multifarious membrane network. In plants, both transport (via an ABC transporter, PGP1 ...
... complexes with G protein-coupled receptors for nucleotides or nucleosides [29]. Thus, purinergic signaling is achieved via the expression of receptors and ecto-enzymes and through their direct interaction within a multifarious membrane network. In plants, both transport (via an ABC transporter, PGP1 ...
PDF
... (44% identity) [11] and from the moderately thermophilic, methanogenic archaeon, Methanosarcina thermophila (38% identity) [14]. However, systematic analyses of the amino acid sequences of analogous mesophilic, moderately thermophilic and hyperthermophilic proteins, even in the case of small redox p ...
... (44% identity) [11] and from the moderately thermophilic, methanogenic archaeon, Methanosarcina thermophila (38% identity) [14]. However, systematic analyses of the amino acid sequences of analogous mesophilic, moderately thermophilic and hyperthermophilic proteins, even in the case of small redox p ...
IN VIVO ENOL CASTOR OIL SEEDS AT THREONINE-4 AND SERINE-451
... and germination, fruit ripening, guard cell metabolism during stomatal opening, and provision of malate as a respiratory substrate for symbiotic N2-fixing bacteroids of legume root nodules (Fig. 1.2)[17]. The role of PEPC in the control of carbon partitioning in developing oil seeds is the focus of ...
... and germination, fruit ripening, guard cell metabolism during stomatal opening, and provision of malate as a respiratory substrate for symbiotic N2-fixing bacteroids of legume root nodules (Fig. 1.2)[17]. The role of PEPC in the control of carbon partitioning in developing oil seeds is the focus of ...
Modulation of the Oligomerization State of the Bovine F1
... sequence is well conserved, particularly in residues 14 – 47 (bovine numbering) which have been defined as the minimal inhibitory sequence (11, 12). At least some of the inhibitory domain lies in residues 9 –22, and its C-terminal region (approximately residues 39 – 84) forms an intermolecular ␣-hel ...
... sequence is well conserved, particularly in residues 14 – 47 (bovine numbering) which have been defined as the minimal inhibitory sequence (11, 12). At least some of the inhibitory domain lies in residues 9 –22, and its C-terminal region (approximately residues 39 – 84) forms an intermolecular ␣-hel ...
1. The BCL-2 Family Reunion.
... regulated by the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3A upon cytokine deprivation, and by C/EBPa and CHOP following ER stress. Translation of bim mRNA is negatively regulated by the miRNA cluster miRNA-17-92, and overexpression of miRNA17-92 induces a bim-deficient phenotype (Xiao et al., 2008). BIM f ...
... regulated by the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3A upon cytokine deprivation, and by C/EBPa and CHOP following ER stress. Translation of bim mRNA is negatively regulated by the miRNA cluster miRNA-17-92, and overexpression of miRNA17-92 induces a bim-deficient phenotype (Xiao et al., 2008). BIM f ...
A 1-Megadalton Translocation Complex Containing
... et al., 1998). The stromal domain of Tic110 has been proposed to function as a molecular scaffold by binding the preprotein and recruiting the stromal chaperone Hsp93 with the assistance of the putative cochaperone Tic40 (Akita et al., 1997; Nielsen et al., 1997; Chou et al., 2003; Chou et al., 2006 ...
... et al., 1998). The stromal domain of Tic110 has been proposed to function as a molecular scaffold by binding the preprotein and recruiting the stromal chaperone Hsp93 with the assistance of the putative cochaperone Tic40 (Akita et al., 1997; Nielsen et al., 1997; Chou et al., 2003; Chou et al., 2006 ...
Predicting Protein Stability Changes upon Mutation Using Database
... of interactions. Local interactions along the chain are described by torsion potentials, based on propensities of amino acids to be associated with backbone torsion angle domains. Non-local interactions along the sequence are represented by distance potentials, derived from propensities of amino aci ...
... of interactions. Local interactions along the chain are described by torsion potentials, based on propensities of amino acids to be associated with backbone torsion angle domains. Non-local interactions along the sequence are represented by distance potentials, derived from propensities of amino aci ...
Reactive cysteine in proteins: Protein folding - Genoma
... reactive cysteine that is stabilized in the thiolate form by a basic residue, in most cases a lysine or an arginine residue (Copley et al., 2004). In conclusion, reactive cysteines in proteins are kept in a reactive form (thiolate = RS−) by structural interactions with other amino acids. These react ...
... reactive cysteine that is stabilized in the thiolate form by a basic residue, in most cases a lysine or an arginine residue (Copley et al., 2004). In conclusion, reactive cysteines in proteins are kept in a reactive form (thiolate = RS−) by structural interactions with other amino acids. These react ...
Fatty Acid and Glucose Sensors in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism
... metabolized or, alternatively, utilized as a substrate for DNL.6,7 De novo lipogenesis facilitates the synthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) for TG formation7 that can be stored within hepatocytes or, alternatively, packaged into VLDL lipoproteins to be secreted into the circulation (to be subse ...
... metabolized or, alternatively, utilized as a substrate for DNL.6,7 De novo lipogenesis facilitates the synthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) for TG formation7 that can be stored within hepatocytes or, alternatively, packaged into VLDL lipoproteins to be secreted into the circulation (to be subse ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).