Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G
... G protein coupled receptors Neurotransmitters signal via two distinct classes of receptors, known within the neuroscience field as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors are neurotransmitter-gated ion channels, and most small-molecule neurotransmitters each have a number of such ...
... G protein coupled receptors Neurotransmitters signal via two distinct classes of receptors, known within the neuroscience field as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors are neurotransmitter-gated ion channels, and most small-molecule neurotransmitters each have a number of such ...
Structural studies on lysosomal proteins
... hydrolases, which degrade and recycle cellular macromolecules. Mutations in genes encoding lysosomal or lysosome related proteins result in over 50 different lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) affecting 1 out of every 7700 newborn children. For instance, the first described LSD, Pompe disease, is ca ...
... hydrolases, which degrade and recycle cellular macromolecules. Mutations in genes encoding lysosomal or lysosome related proteins result in over 50 different lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) affecting 1 out of every 7700 newborn children. For instance, the first described LSD, Pompe disease, is ca ...
Cyclic-‐di-‐AMP: another second messenger enters the fray
... DGC to synthesize c-‐di-‐AMP instead of evolving an new cyclase. However, it has already been noted previously that the six different classes of prokaryotic cAMP cyclases do not have a common origin21. ...
... DGC to synthesize c-‐di-‐AMP instead of evolving an new cyclase. However, it has already been noted previously that the six different classes of prokaryotic cAMP cyclases do not have a common origin21. ...
A mutation mimicking ligandinduced conformational change yields a
... the mutation disrupts a cluster of van der Waals interactions that maintains helix H11 in the aporeceptor location, thereby shifting the thermodynamic equilibrium to the holo form. Heterodimerization with some apo-receptors (retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 receptors) results in ‘silenc ...
... the mutation disrupts a cluster of van der Waals interactions that maintains helix H11 in the aporeceptor location, thereby shifting the thermodynamic equilibrium to the holo form. Heterodimerization with some apo-receptors (retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 receptors) results in ‘silenc ...
Ube2W conjugates ubiquitin to α-amino groups of protein N
... group of ubiquitin and the ε-amino group of a target lysine residue. However, ubiquitin is also known to conjugate to the thiol of cysteine residue side chains and the α-amino group of protein N-termini, although the enzymes responsible for discrimination between different chemical groups have not b ...
... group of ubiquitin and the ε-amino group of a target lysine residue. However, ubiquitin is also known to conjugate to the thiol of cysteine residue side chains and the α-amino group of protein N-termini, although the enzymes responsible for discrimination between different chemical groups have not b ...
Extreme sweetness: protein glycosylation in archaea
... Abstract | Although N‑glycosylation was first reported in archaea almost 40 years ago, detailed insights into this process have become possible only recently, with the availability of complete genome sequences for almost 200 archaeal species and the development of appropriate molecular tools. As a r ...
... Abstract | Although N‑glycosylation was first reported in archaea almost 40 years ago, detailed insights into this process have become possible only recently, with the availability of complete genome sequences for almost 200 archaeal species and the development of appropriate molecular tools. As a r ...
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... mutations of PP1 in fungi could be (partially) complemented by expression of mammalian PP1 (113, 311), indicating that PP1 is also functionally conserved. Eukaryotic genomes contain one (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to eight genes (Arabidopsis thaliana) encoding PP1 isoforms. More than 70% of the resid ...
... mutations of PP1 in fungi could be (partially) complemented by expression of mammalian PP1 (113, 311), indicating that PP1 is also functionally conserved. Eukaryotic genomes contain one (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to eight genes (Arabidopsis thaliana) encoding PP1 isoforms. More than 70% of the resid ...
Multiple Sequence Motifs in the Rubisco Small
... targeting, we constructed mutants, E1aT1[TTT/ AAA], E1aT1[FPL/AAA], and E1aT1[K/A], that contained Ala substitution of the three Thrs (TTT), the three hydrophobic amino acids (FPL), and the single Lys (K), respectively (Fig. 2C). These mutants were fused to GFP and then we examined their ability to ...
... targeting, we constructed mutants, E1aT1[TTT/ AAA], E1aT1[FPL/AAA], and E1aT1[K/A], that contained Ala substitution of the three Thrs (TTT), the three hydrophobic amino acids (FPL), and the single Lys (K), respectively (Fig. 2C). These mutants were fused to GFP and then we examined their ability to ...
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... An essential step in the determination of structure-function relationships at a molecular level is to investigate the intrinsic properties of isolated proteins, via molecular biology, biochemical and structural approaches [1–3]. However, it is also necessary to study protein function in an integrate ...
... An essential step in the determination of structure-function relationships at a molecular level is to investigate the intrinsic properties of isolated proteins, via molecular biology, biochemical and structural approaches [1–3]. However, it is also necessary to study protein function in an integrate ...
Protein targeting, translocation and Escherichia coli Proteomic analysis of substrate-pathway relationships
... membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and mitochondria, and in the outer envelope of chloroplasts. β-barrel membrane proteins are composed of an even number of anti-parallel β-strands arranged in a barrel like structure. The amide and carbonyl groups of the polypeptide backbone are stabilized by hydrog ...
... membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and mitochondria, and in the outer envelope of chloroplasts. β-barrel membrane proteins are composed of an even number of anti-parallel β-strands arranged in a barrel like structure. The amide and carbonyl groups of the polypeptide backbone are stabilized by hydrog ...
Evolution of the Aldose Reductase-Related Gecko Eye Lens Protein
... positions. The remaining 25 vertebrate sequences were aligned, of which a sampling of the most divergent representatives is given in Fig. 1, together with 2 plant and 2 yeast sequences. The plant and yeast sequences were the most closely related nonvertebrate aldo-keto reductases in the original dat ...
... positions. The remaining 25 vertebrate sequences were aligned, of which a sampling of the most divergent representatives is given in Fig. 1, together with 2 plant and 2 yeast sequences. The plant and yeast sequences were the most closely related nonvertebrate aldo-keto reductases in the original dat ...
AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates transcription factors of
... Submitted 21 August 2007; accepted in final form 27 November 2007 ...
... Submitted 21 August 2007; accepted in final form 27 November 2007 ...
thyroid synthesis, mode of action, metabolic functions and disorders
... • Each thyroglobulin molecule contains up to 30 thyroxine molecules and a few triiodothyronine molecules. • Stored Thyroid Hormones maintain the body’s requirement of T3 and T4 for up to 2-3 months Release of Thyroid Hormones • Thyroglobulin itself is not secreted into the circulation • Thyroglobuli ...
... • Each thyroglobulin molecule contains up to 30 thyroxine molecules and a few triiodothyronine molecules. • Stored Thyroid Hormones maintain the body’s requirement of T3 and T4 for up to 2-3 months Release of Thyroid Hormones • Thyroglobulin itself is not secreted into the circulation • Thyroglobuli ...
A defined subset of adenylyl cyclases is regulated by bicarbonate ion.
... was conserved among several of the ACs including sAC and Spirulina cyaC, while the remainder expressed a D residue essential for substrate definition in the corresponding position. Given the phylogenetic relationship of cyaB1 with sAC and Spirulina cyaC and the conservation of the active site T poly ...
... was conserved among several of the ACs including sAC and Spirulina cyaC, while the remainder expressed a D residue essential for substrate definition in the corresponding position. Given the phylogenetic relationship of cyaB1 with sAC and Spirulina cyaC and the conservation of the active site T poly ...
Membrane Penetration of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Is Necessary
... crucial role in maintaining cellular arachidonic acid levels (14). cPLA2 is therefore an attractive target for developing specific inhibitors that can be used as a novel antiinflammatory drugs. cPLA2 binds to membranes in the presence of micromolar Ca2+ via its C2 domain which contains calcium and m ...
... crucial role in maintaining cellular arachidonic acid levels (14). cPLA2 is therefore an attractive target for developing specific inhibitors that can be used as a novel antiinflammatory drugs. cPLA2 binds to membranes in the presence of micromolar Ca2+ via its C2 domain which contains calcium and m ...
Molecular analysis and biological implications of STAT3 signal
... mRNA was first detected upon 30 min of IL-6 stimulation and prolonged for several hours (data not shown), suggesting that this negative feedback loop indeed downregulates STAT3 signal transduction. However, SOCS proteins will only inhibit STAT3 signaling at the receptor level and will prevent a re-a ...
... mRNA was first detected upon 30 min of IL-6 stimulation and prolonged for several hours (data not shown), suggesting that this negative feedback loop indeed downregulates STAT3 signal transduction. However, SOCS proteins will only inhibit STAT3 signaling at the receptor level and will prevent a re-a ...
In Vitro Characterization of Human Growth Hormone
... Growth hormone (GH) is a 22 kD, 191-aa, pituitary-derived peptide hormone that is essential for postnatal growth. GH signals via binding to GH receptor (GHR), which initiates intracellular signal transduction pathways. This leads to activation of target genes, most importantly the one encoding insul ...
... Growth hormone (GH) is a 22 kD, 191-aa, pituitary-derived peptide hormone that is essential for postnatal growth. GH signals via binding to GH receptor (GHR), which initiates intracellular signal transduction pathways. This leads to activation of target genes, most importantly the one encoding insul ...
A pollen-specific calmodulin-binding protein, NPG1, interacts with
... gradient at the tube tip is observed in growing pollen tubes by ratiometric Ca21 imaging and pollen tube growth can be inhibited when the apical Ca21 gradient is disturbed by blocking calcium uptake13,16–19. In plant species where pollen tube growth displays clear oscillations, it has been shown tha ...
... gradient at the tube tip is observed in growing pollen tubes by ratiometric Ca21 imaging and pollen tube growth can be inhibited when the apical Ca21 gradient is disturbed by blocking calcium uptake13,16–19. In plant species where pollen tube growth displays clear oscillations, it has been shown tha ...
Supplementary Online Materials
... HeliQuest programme. Some of the polar and charged amino acids in the membrane-spanning helices enable an intramolecular interaction between TM1 and other semihydrophobic and/or amphipathic -helices folded by other regions within the NHB1-CNC factor (below), as has been described for other transmem ...
... HeliQuest programme. Some of the polar and charged amino acids in the membrane-spanning helices enable an intramolecular interaction between TM1 and other semihydrophobic and/or amphipathic -helices folded by other regions within the NHB1-CNC factor (below), as has been described for other transmem ...
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
... indicate that autophagy induction in eukaryotes is intimately tied to cellular energy status and nutrient availability through the direct regulation of the ATG1/ULK kinase complex by TORC1 and AMPK. Interestingly, another facet of mTORC1-mediated autophagy repression has recently emerged. Under nutr ...
... indicate that autophagy induction in eukaryotes is intimately tied to cellular energy status and nutrient availability through the direct regulation of the ATG1/ULK kinase complex by TORC1 and AMPK. Interestingly, another facet of mTORC1-mediated autophagy repression has recently emerged. Under nutr ...
Allosteric pathways in imidazole glycerol phosphate synthase
... in the active site. Allosteric information transfer can range from large, enthalpically driven conformational changes to purely entropically driven motions or a combination of both enthalpic and entropic effects, but in each case the kinetic parameters of the catalyzed reaction at the substrate bind ...
... in the active site. Allosteric information transfer can range from large, enthalpically driven conformational changes to purely entropically driven motions or a combination of both enthalpic and entropic effects, but in each case the kinetic parameters of the catalyzed reaction at the substrate bind ...
The rotary mechanism of the ATP synthase Archives - iGRAD
... Because of the large size, multiple subunits many of which are integral membrane proteins, and asymmetry, determination of the subunit stoichiometry and defining subunit interactions has been challenging. There is still some debate about the number of c subunits and whether this number can vary withi ...
... Because of the large size, multiple subunits many of which are integral membrane proteins, and asymmetry, determination of the subunit stoichiometry and defining subunit interactions has been challenging. There is still some debate about the number of c subunits and whether this number can vary withi ...
Promiscuity of the Euonymus Carbohydrate-Binding Domain
... lower plant Physcomitrella patens (PhypaEULS3, JGI: scaffold_74 (415096:416617), and the S2 type EUL protein from the monocot Oryza sativa (Os07g0684000, OrysaEULS2). Analysis of the EUL sequences ArathEULS3, PhypaEULS3 and OrysaEULS2 revealed that the EUL domains from these different plant species ...
... lower plant Physcomitrella patens (PhypaEULS3, JGI: scaffold_74 (415096:416617), and the S2 type EUL protein from the monocot Oryza sativa (Os07g0684000, OrysaEULS2). Analysis of the EUL sequences ArathEULS3, PhypaEULS3 and OrysaEULS2 revealed that the EUL domains from these different plant species ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).