Biogenesis of proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space
... proteins of the outer and inner membranes, lack such presequences and instead possess internal targeting signals. The amino-terminal targeting sequences are also named matrix targeting sequences (MTSs), as they direct proteins into the matrix in the absence of further sorting information. The N-term ...
... proteins of the outer and inner membranes, lack such presequences and instead possess internal targeting signals. The amino-terminal targeting sequences are also named matrix targeting sequences (MTSs), as they direct proteins into the matrix in the absence of further sorting information. The N-term ...
Natural cannabinoids: Templates for drug discovery
... to CBDA (16) (Taura et al., 1996). The above studies showed that cannabidiolic acid (CBDA, 16) is predominately biosynthesized from cannabigerolic acid (CBGA, 13) and to a lesser extent from cannabinerolic acid (CBNA, 14). The key cannabinoid precursor D9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA, 1) is for ...
... to CBDA (16) (Taura et al., 1996). The above studies showed that cannabidiolic acid (CBDA, 16) is predominately biosynthesized from cannabigerolic acid (CBGA, 13) and to a lesser extent from cannabinerolic acid (CBNA, 14). The key cannabinoid precursor D9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA, 1) is for ...
mammalian hibernation: biochemical adaptation
... the fattening period. This suggests that animals remain sensitive to leptin in the prehibernating phase, but the production of leptin has been inhibited or dissociated from the normal signals that indicate rising adiposity probably in response to overriding seasonal controls on body mass ...
... the fattening period. This suggests that animals remain sensitive to leptin in the prehibernating phase, but the production of leptin has been inhibited or dissociated from the normal signals that indicate rising adiposity probably in response to overriding seasonal controls on body mass ...
University of Groningen The Plasma Membrane of
... feature of membrane structure is the asymmetric location of the proteins. Some span the entire length of the membrane (intrinsic), while others are only partially embedded in the membrane and protrude on one side of the membrane (extrinsic). The plasma membrane encompasses proteins involved in trans ...
... feature of membrane structure is the asymmetric location of the proteins. Some span the entire length of the membrane (intrinsic), while others are only partially embedded in the membrane and protrude on one side of the membrane (extrinsic). The plasma membrane encompasses proteins involved in trans ...
Plasma membrane microdomains from hybrid aspen cells are
... micro-organisms and penetration of bacterial toxins [7]. While sterols and (glyco)sphingolipids are the common building blocks of all types of lipid rafts, their relative proportion in membrane microdomains varies, thereby suggesting the occurrence of heterogeneous populations of rafts that reflect ...
... micro-organisms and penetration of bacterial toxins [7]. While sterols and (glyco)sphingolipids are the common building blocks of all types of lipid rafts, their relative proportion in membrane microdomains varies, thereby suggesting the occurrence of heterogeneous populations of rafts that reflect ...
Enzymatic activation of sulfur for incorporation into biomolecules in
... although via more indirect pathways (see below). The central importance of IscS in E. coli has motivated innumerable searches for sequence homologs in other organisms and often iscS-type genes can be identified by the encoded IscS protein signature motifs and the neighborhood to other isc-type compo ...
... although via more indirect pathways (see below). The central importance of IscS in E. coli has motivated innumerable searches for sequence homologs in other organisms and often iscS-type genes can be identified by the encoded IscS protein signature motifs and the neighborhood to other isc-type compo ...
Proteome analysis of tobacco BY-2 cell culture - ETH E
... Plastids are an important and essential group of plant cell organelles. They are found only in plant and algal cells (Kirk and Tilney-Bassett, 1978). Plastids distinguish plant cells from those of other eukaryotes. The origin and evolution of plastids has been an important subject in biological scie ...
... Plastids are an important and essential group of plant cell organelles. They are found only in plant and algal cells (Kirk and Tilney-Bassett, 1978). Plastids distinguish plant cells from those of other eukaryotes. The origin and evolution of plastids has been an important subject in biological scie ...
DOMAIN-BASED APPROACHES TO
... this research. Then, the domain complexity of proteins was analysed on a comprehensive basis. Our results showed that bacterial and archaeal proteins are as complex as eukaryotic proteins in domain abundance, but more promiscuous. Proteins emerged in early stage are also more promiscuous, but with l ...
... this research. Then, the domain complexity of proteins was analysed on a comprehensive basis. Our results showed that bacterial and archaeal proteins are as complex as eukaryotic proteins in domain abundance, but more promiscuous. Proteins emerged in early stage are also more promiscuous, but with l ...
Mechanistic Studies Of Drug Resistance Conferred By An ABC
... interplay between DrrA and DrrB during the catalytic cycle. One module present at the extreme C terminus of DrrA consists of two separate motifs, DEF and CREEM. CREEM motif together with its upstream region up to residue S319, interacts with the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail region of DrrB and forms a ...
... interplay between DrrA and DrrB during the catalytic cycle. One module present at the extreme C terminus of DrrA consists of two separate motifs, DEF and CREEM. CREEM motif together with its upstream region up to residue S319, interacts with the N-terminal cytoplasmic tail region of DrrB and forms a ...
REVIEWS Structural insights into the function of the
... (RBD) of cRafl kinase, cRafl kinase functions as a GDI for GTP-bound forms of Ras-like proteins 3~ Complex formation occurs through an extended B-sheet involving the effector domain of RaplA3~ The conformation of the effector domain of Ras-superfamily GTPases is particularly sensitive to the GDP- or ...
... (RBD) of cRafl kinase, cRafl kinase functions as a GDI for GTP-bound forms of Ras-like proteins 3~ Complex formation occurs through an extended B-sheet involving the effector domain of RaplA3~ The conformation of the effector domain of Ras-superfamily GTPases is particularly sensitive to the GDP- or ...
The Spemann Organizer Signal noggin Binds and
... MAb1A4’s effects were specific for Xenopus noggin, since induction of muscle actin by human noggin protein or by injection of mRNAs encoding two alternative dorsalizing agents—chordin and a dominant negative BMP receptor—was not inhibited by the presence of this antibody (Figure 6D). We then compare ...
... MAb1A4’s effects were specific for Xenopus noggin, since induction of muscle actin by human noggin protein or by injection of mRNAs encoding two alternative dorsalizing agents—chordin and a dominant negative BMP receptor—was not inhibited by the presence of this antibody (Figure 6D). We then compare ...
Phosphate Groups Modifying Myelin Basic Proteins Are
... The time course of the appearance and decay of the radioactive label on basic proteins in isolated myelin was followed for 1 too. Incorporation was maximal by 1 h, followed by a decay phase with a half-life of approximately 2 wk. However, radioactivity in the acid-soluble precursor pool (which alway ...
... The time course of the appearance and decay of the radioactive label on basic proteins in isolated myelin was followed for 1 too. Incorporation was maximal by 1 h, followed by a decay phase with a half-life of approximately 2 wk. However, radioactivity in the acid-soluble precursor pool (which alway ...
Impaired overload-induced muscle growth is associated with
... proteins and elongation factors (including eEF2), presumably via phosphorylation of rpS6 (Terada et al. 1994; Jefferies et al. 1997), and also promotes a general increase in protein elongation by an indirect activation of eEF2 (Wang et al. 2001). On the other hand, mTOR phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 pro ...
... proteins and elongation factors (including eEF2), presumably via phosphorylation of rpS6 (Terada et al. 1994; Jefferies et al. 1997), and also promotes a general increase in protein elongation by an indirect activation of eEF2 (Wang et al. 2001). On the other hand, mTOR phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 pro ...
Lipid rafts
... It is important to note, cholesterol may regulate protein function not only through altering lipid rafts but also by direct interactions with the proteins. However, it is very challenging to discriminate between these possibilities for any specific type of protein because it is unreasonable to test ...
... It is important to note, cholesterol may regulate protein function not only through altering lipid rafts but also by direct interactions with the proteins. However, it is very challenging to discriminate between these possibilities for any specific type of protein because it is unreasonable to test ...
Traffic between the plant endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi
... also pointed to the existence of subdomains of the TGN [33]. The golgin AtGRIP is thought to localize at the transGolgi, although its localization at the TGN has not been excluded [20]. It has yet to be shown whether disrupting the correct targeting of AtGRIP to the Golgi by mutating essential resid ...
... also pointed to the existence of subdomains of the TGN [33]. The golgin AtGRIP is thought to localize at the transGolgi, although its localization at the TGN has not been excluded [20]. It has yet to be shown whether disrupting the correct targeting of AtGRIP to the Golgi by mutating essential resid ...
Gluconeogenesis
... Bypass of Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Kinase (Glycolysis) catalyzes: phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP pyruvate + ATP For bypass of the Pyruvate Kinase reaction, cleavage of 2 ~P bonds is required. DG for cleavage of one ~P bond of ATP is insufficient to drive synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). PEP has ...
... Bypass of Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Kinase (Glycolysis) catalyzes: phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP pyruvate + ATP For bypass of the Pyruvate Kinase reaction, cleavage of 2 ~P bonds is required. DG for cleavage of one ~P bond of ATP is insufficient to drive synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). PEP has ...
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
... secreted growth and differentiation factors that is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle. Deletion of myostatin causes a dramatic and widespread increase in skeletal muscle mass due to an increase in both number and size of muscle fibers, particularly the fast glycolytic (type IIB) fibers. Con ...
... secreted growth and differentiation factors that is expressed predominantly in skeletal muscle. Deletion of myostatin causes a dramatic and widespread increase in skeletal muscle mass due to an increase in both number and size of muscle fibers, particularly the fast glycolytic (type IIB) fibers. Con ...
Chicken Acidic Leucine-rich EGF-like Domain Containing Brain
... other interactions with so far uncharacterized components might occur during nervous system development. The relatively broad binding specificity of many axon-associated proteins might be used to identify novel cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins implicated in the differentiation of the ne ...
... other interactions with so far uncharacterized components might occur during nervous system development. The relatively broad binding specificity of many axon-associated proteins might be used to identify novel cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins implicated in the differentiation of the ne ...
The Interaction between Dietary Protein and Bone Health
... increasing quartiles of intake of animal protein as follows: 1.00 (reference), 0.59 (95% CI: 0.26, 1.34), 0.63 (0.28, 1.42), and 0.31 (0.10, 0.93); P for trend = 0.037. There was a non-significant trend for higher vegetable protein intake to increase fracture risk. In the Adventist Health Study 2, t ...
... increasing quartiles of intake of animal protein as follows: 1.00 (reference), 0.59 (95% CI: 0.26, 1.34), 0.63 (0.28, 1.42), and 0.31 (0.10, 0.93); P for trend = 0.037. There was a non-significant trend for higher vegetable protein intake to increase fracture risk. In the Adventist Health Study 2, t ...
PDF
... Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Ihh binds to the major cartilage CSPG aggrecan via its CS chains. Overall, this study demonstrates an important function for CSPGs in modulating Ihh signaling in the developing growth plate, and highlights the importance of carbohydrate sul ...
... Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Ihh binds to the major cartilage CSPG aggrecan via its CS chains. Overall, this study demonstrates an important function for CSPGs in modulating Ihh signaling in the developing growth plate, and highlights the importance of carbohydrate sul ...
CASE 37
... the liver. A number of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and the regulation of energy metabolism in general are insulin dependent in this fashion. For example, lipoprotein lipase is the committed step in triglyceride accretion and storage in the adipocyte and is synthesized in an insulin-depend ...
... the liver. A number of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism and the regulation of energy metabolism in general are insulin dependent in this fashion. For example, lipoprotein lipase is the committed step in triglyceride accretion and storage in the adipocyte and is synthesized in an insulin-depend ...
the structure and function of cartilage proteoglycans
... Figure 1. The structural domains of aggrecan. The aggrecan core protein is depicted with three disulphidebonded globular domains (G1-3), an interglobular domain (IGD), and attachment regions for keratan sulphate (KS) and chondroitin sulphate (CS1 and CS2). The G1 domain is composed of three function ...
... Figure 1. The structural domains of aggrecan. The aggrecan core protein is depicted with three disulphidebonded globular domains (G1-3), an interglobular domain (IGD), and attachment regions for keratan sulphate (KS) and chondroitin sulphate (CS1 and CS2). The G1 domain is composed of three function ...
Dynamic balance between vesicle transport and
... is an early event that changes state of neurons (Arimura and Kaibuchi, 2007). This change in cell state allows neurons to mature by developing axons and dendritic trees that connect to other neurons and become electrically active. Many mathematical models of neurite outgrowth have been developed (Ki ...
... is an early event that changes state of neurons (Arimura and Kaibuchi, 2007). This change in cell state allows neurons to mature by developing axons and dendritic trees that connect to other neurons and become electrically active. Many mathematical models of neurite outgrowth have been developed (Ki ...
Chapter 4 Calsequestrin - Department of Molecular Physiology and
... 1972b; Kretsinger. 1976). The contest for Ca2+ is, therefore, unequal and Ca 2+ finds itself in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum There it encounters another of the many Ca 2+-binding proteins of muscle, the calcium sequestering protein calsequestrin. Calcium-binding sites in sarcoplasmic reti ...
... 1972b; Kretsinger. 1976). The contest for Ca2+ is, therefore, unequal and Ca 2+ finds itself in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum There it encounters another of the many Ca 2+-binding proteins of muscle, the calcium sequestering protein calsequestrin. Calcium-binding sites in sarcoplasmic reti ...
Structure and function of the eukaryotic ADP
... reaction converting glucose and ADP to glucose-6-phosphate and AMP. The enzyme is well studied in extremophilic archaea, where ADPGK is part of a set of glycolytic enzymes that use ADP instead of ATP for the phosphorylation of various sugars. However, ADPGK has also been found in the genomes of meso ...
... reaction converting glucose and ADP to glucose-6-phosphate and AMP. The enzyme is well studied in extremophilic archaea, where ADPGK is part of a set of glycolytic enzymes that use ADP instead of ATP for the phosphorylation of various sugars. However, ADPGK has also been found in the genomes of meso ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).