Fatty Acid and Glucose Sensors in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism
... metabolized or, alternatively, utilized as a substrate for DNL.6,7 De novo lipogenesis facilitates the synthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) for TG formation7 that can be stored within hepatocytes or, alternatively, packaged into VLDL lipoproteins to be secreted into the circulation (to be subse ...
... metabolized or, alternatively, utilized as a substrate for DNL.6,7 De novo lipogenesis facilitates the synthesis of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) for TG formation7 that can be stored within hepatocytes or, alternatively, packaged into VLDL lipoproteins to be secreted into the circulation (to be subse ...
A. Work Accomplished by You and/or Others Cellular biology of
... the mechanism by which Ras senses optimal growth conditions to maintain high PKA activity is unclear, high glucose is thought to be the primary activator and the entire system is finely tuned to respond to this carbon source. In higher eukaryotes, adenylate cyclase regulation is primarily under the ...
... the mechanism by which Ras senses optimal growth conditions to maintain high PKA activity is unclear, high glucose is thought to be the primary activator and the entire system is finely tuned to respond to this carbon source. In higher eukaryotes, adenylate cyclase regulation is primarily under the ...
Structure of bacterial luciferase
... Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the ~ subunit with that of the [3 subunit demonstrates that they share 32% sequence identity, and that the c~ subunit has 31 amino acid residues that are not present in the 13 subunit [2]. The apparent homology of the subunits has suggested that they should ha ...
... Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the ~ subunit with that of the [3 subunit demonstrates that they share 32% sequence identity, and that the c~ subunit has 31 amino acid residues that are not present in the 13 subunit [2]. The apparent homology of the subunits has suggested that they should ha ...
Bacteria under stress by complement and coagulation
... to be important for the binding to Gram-positive bacteria (Ma et al., 2004). The C1q molecule, which is structurally similar to MBL and ficolins in the LP, mediates activation of the classical pathway (CP). C1q is classically known to bind to Fc regions of IgG or IgM antibodies on the microbial surf ...
... to be important for the binding to Gram-positive bacteria (Ma et al., 2004). The C1q molecule, which is structurally similar to MBL and ficolins in the LP, mediates activation of the classical pathway (CP). C1q is classically known to bind to Fc regions of IgG or IgM antibodies on the microbial surf ...
Progesterone-stimulated intracellular calcium increase in human
... that progesterone stimulates sperm PKC activity and that PKC inhibition with staurosporine and bisindolylmaleimide partially reversed the effect of progesterone on acrosome reaction, indicating an involvement of the enzyme in the effect of the steroid. We next evaluated the effect of three different ...
... that progesterone stimulates sperm PKC activity and that PKC inhibition with staurosporine and bisindolylmaleimide partially reversed the effect of progesterone on acrosome reaction, indicating an involvement of the enzyme in the effect of the steroid. We next evaluated the effect of three different ...
Bacterial Quorum-Sensing Network Architectures
... Biochemical analyses of LuxR-type proteins suggest that there exist three classes of these receptors (reviewed in 106). Class 1 receptors (e.g., LasR) require AHL for folding and have exquisitely tight affinity for their ligands. Class 2 receptors (e.g., LuxR of V. fischeri ) also require AHLs for fol ...
... Biochemical analyses of LuxR-type proteins suggest that there exist three classes of these receptors (reviewed in 106). Class 1 receptors (e.g., LasR) require AHL for folding and have exquisitely tight affinity for their ligands. Class 2 receptors (e.g., LuxR of V. fischeri ) also require AHLs for fol ...
MPN+, a putative catalytic motif found in a subset of MPN domain
... 1). These proteins are the shortest MPN protein identified so far and most likely correspond to the structural core region of the domain. Since the finding of prokaryotic MPN proteins was highly unexpected, the validity of the assignment was confirmed by profile searches starting from the bacterioph ...
... 1). These proteins are the shortest MPN protein identified so far and most likely correspond to the structural core region of the domain. Since the finding of prokaryotic MPN proteins was highly unexpected, the validity of the assignment was confirmed by profile searches starting from the bacterioph ...
assembly of integral membrane proteins from the periplasm into the
... unfolded OMPs on affinity columns (Chen and Henning, 1996). E. coli cells lacking the skp gene display reduced levels of OmpA, OmpC, OmpF, and LamB in the OM (Chen and Henning, 1996; Missiakas et al., 1996), a phenotype which resembles that of surA mutants (Missiakas et al., 1996; Rouvière and Gross ...
... unfolded OMPs on affinity columns (Chen and Henning, 1996). E. coli cells lacking the skp gene display reduced levels of OmpA, OmpC, OmpF, and LamB in the OM (Chen and Henning, 1996; Missiakas et al., 1996), a phenotype which resembles that of surA mutants (Missiakas et al., 1996; Rouvière and Gross ...
From Amino Acid to Glucosinolate Biosynthesis: Protein Sequence
... different quaternary structures (de Kraker et al., 2007) and that MAM is monomeric (i.e., has no quaternary structure at all; Textor et al., 2004) prompted us to examine the quaternary structures of the truncated proteins IPMS1/-R1 and IPMS2/-R2 as a possible explanation for the difference in MAM ac ...
... different quaternary structures (de Kraker et al., 2007) and that MAM is monomeric (i.e., has no quaternary structure at all; Textor et al., 2004) prompted us to examine the quaternary structures of the truncated proteins IPMS1/-R1 and IPMS2/-R2 as a possible explanation for the difference in MAM ac ...
Crystallization and X Ray Diffraction Data Analyses of the Enzyme
... formimine glutamase (EC 3.5.3.8). This complete pathway drives the conversion of histidine into glutamate, which in turn can be dea i ated i to α-ketoglutarate, allowing its complete oxidation. Urocanate hydratase, the second enzyme of the histidine-glutamate pathway, acts on the conversion of uroca ...
... formimine glutamase (EC 3.5.3.8). This complete pathway drives the conversion of histidine into glutamate, which in turn can be dea i ated i to α-ketoglutarate, allowing its complete oxidation. Urocanate hydratase, the second enzyme of the histidine-glutamate pathway, acts on the conversion of uroca ...
Nitrate Reductases: Structure, Functions, and Effect of Stress Factors
... 60 kD encoded by narZ and narY genes and contains Moco. Subunit γ of NarZYV encoded by narV was lost during purification, but its existence was proved by spectral methods. The [Fe-S] clusters of NarZYV resemble by their characteristics NarGHI, except the potential of the α-subunit high-potential cen ...
... 60 kD encoded by narZ and narY genes and contains Moco. Subunit γ of NarZYV encoded by narV was lost during purification, but its existence was proved by spectral methods. The [Fe-S] clusters of NarZYV resemble by their characteristics NarGHI, except the potential of the α-subunit high-potential cen ...
TGF-β/BMP superfamily members, Gbb-60A and Dpp
... growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of signaling proteins are secreted as dimers and mediate intercellular communication through their association with heteromeric integral membrane receptor complexes consisting of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptor proteins (Massagué, 1996). Ligand ...
... growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of signaling proteins are secreted as dimers and mediate intercellular communication through their association with heteromeric integral membrane receptor complexes consisting of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptor proteins (Massagué, 1996). Ligand ...
Nutrition, Anabolism, and the Wound Healing Process: An Overview
... removed when demands need to be met. There are, however, some necessary essential fats, which make up a small fraction of this compartment. For the most part, fat is not responsible for any essential metabolic activity. This energy reservoir contains about 110,000 calories stored, as 1 g of fat gene ...
... removed when demands need to be met. There are, however, some necessary essential fats, which make up a small fraction of this compartment. For the most part, fat is not responsible for any essential metabolic activity. This energy reservoir contains about 110,000 calories stored, as 1 g of fat gene ...
Trans Fatty Acid Derived Phospholipids Show Increased Membrane
... cholesterol were quantified using equilibrium cholesterol partition coefficients, while the effect of these phospholipids on membrane receptor stability was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry in reconstituted rhodopsincontaining vesicles, consisting of TFA- or CFA-phospholipids. M ...
... cholesterol were quantified using equilibrium cholesterol partition coefficients, while the effect of these phospholipids on membrane receptor stability was characterized using differential scanning calorimetry in reconstituted rhodopsincontaining vesicles, consisting of TFA- or CFA-phospholipids. M ...
Probing Allosteric Binding Sites of the Maize
... Unfortunately, only limited atomic-level structural data are available for AGPases. The three-dimensional structure of a bacterial homotetrameric enzyme from A. tumefaciens has recently been solved (Cupp-Vickery et al., 2008). Only one crystal structure is available for a higher plant AGPase: a nonn ...
... Unfortunately, only limited atomic-level structural data are available for AGPases. The three-dimensional structure of a bacterial homotetrameric enzyme from A. tumefaciens has recently been solved (Cupp-Vickery et al., 2008). Only one crystal structure is available for a higher plant AGPase: a nonn ...
Analysis of the bipartite networks of domain compositions and
... more than one domain subunit were extracted. We show three major hierarchies in Figure 2. The protein kinase domain (PF00069) is part of the conserved catalytic core shared by serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases in eukaryotes (Hanks and Hunter 1995). Three specialized domains – protein tyrosine ki ...
... more than one domain subunit were extracted. We show three major hierarchies in Figure 2. The protein kinase domain (PF00069) is part of the conserved catalytic core shared by serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases in eukaryotes (Hanks and Hunter 1995). Three specialized domains – protein tyrosine ki ...
Signaling pathways in myocyte hypertrophy. Role of GATA4
... peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Initially, the response is beneficial, but when prolonged, it leads to pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In this study, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was initiated by hypertrophic agonists, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and phenylephrine (PE), and by incre ...
... peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP). Initially, the response is beneficial, but when prolonged, it leads to pathological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In this study, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy was initiated by hypertrophic agonists, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and phenylephrine (PE), and by incre ...
Glycolytic strategy as a tradeoff between energy yield and protein cost
... diverse, including several alternative glycolytic pathways, the most common of which is the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The prevalence of the ED pathway is puzzling as it produces only one ATP per glucose—half as much as the EMP pathway. We argue that the diversity of prokaryotic glucose metaboli ...
... diverse, including several alternative glycolytic pathways, the most common of which is the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The prevalence of the ED pathway is puzzling as it produces only one ATP per glucose—half as much as the EMP pathway. We argue that the diversity of prokaryotic glucose metaboli ...
Proteolytic and other metabolic pathways in lysosomes
... pathways make appreciable contributions to the intracellular degradation of complex molecules, including proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids. The relative importance of the lysosomal and non-lysosomal routes undoubtedly varies between cell types, and different metabolic conditions. I ...
... pathways make appreciable contributions to the intracellular degradation of complex molecules, including proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids. The relative importance of the lysosomal and non-lysosomal routes undoubtedly varies between cell types, and different metabolic conditions. I ...
The coupling modification of gABA Flyer (, 0.15 kB)
... glutaraldehyde to couple gABA with BSA, OVA and HAS to obtain BSA Conjugated gABA (CPA900Ge11), OVA Conjugated gABA (CPA900Ge21) and HSA Conjugated gABA (CPA900Ge41). The process is as followed. Dissolving gABA and any of above vector proteins in PBS, and then adding glutaraldehyde and reacting for ...
... glutaraldehyde to couple gABA with BSA, OVA and HAS to obtain BSA Conjugated gABA (CPA900Ge11), OVA Conjugated gABA (CPA900Ge21) and HSA Conjugated gABA (CPA900Ge41). The process is as followed. Dissolving gABA and any of above vector proteins in PBS, and then adding glutaraldehyde and reacting for ...
T cell co-stimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for
... (TCR) along with antigen-independent signals from co-signaling receptors. Two sets of cosignaling receptors are expressed on T cell surface: co-stimulatory receptors, which deliver positive signals that are essential for full activation of naïve T cells, and co-inhibitory receptors, which decrease t ...
... (TCR) along with antigen-independent signals from co-signaling receptors. Two sets of cosignaling receptors are expressed on T cell surface: co-stimulatory receptors, which deliver positive signals that are essential for full activation of naïve T cells, and co-inhibitory receptors, which decrease t ...
Kinetic Role of Helix Caps in Protein Folding Is Context
... hydrophobic interactions between side chains at C′ and C4 (7, 32, 33). In our protein structure database, about 1520% of helices have completely classic C-cap motifs; 33% as listed by Aurora et al. (32). λ6-85 has four classic C-caps (at the end of helices 1-4), or 80%, and reasons are given later a ...
... hydrophobic interactions between side chains at C′ and C4 (7, 32, 33). In our protein structure database, about 1520% of helices have completely classic C-cap motifs; 33% as listed by Aurora et al. (32). λ6-85 has four classic C-caps (at the end of helices 1-4), or 80%, and reasons are given later a ...
Solution Blowing of Soy Protein Fibers
... followed by SEM observation. The resulting fibers were heated at 350 °C for 3 hours in air followed by heating at 750 °C for 1 hour in N2 atmosphere. For control, soy protein isolate was also subjected to the same treatment and it was found that it was never fully destroyed and left residual quite c ...
... followed by SEM observation. The resulting fibers were heated at 350 °C for 3 hours in air followed by heating at 750 °C for 1 hour in N2 atmosphere. For control, soy protein isolate was also subjected to the same treatment and it was found that it was never fully destroyed and left residual quite c ...
Molecular Structure and Physiological Function of Chloride Channels
... (47) for functional expression. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has 12 transmembrane domains, two nucleotide binding folds (NBFs), and a regulatory R domain (Fig. 1B). The opening of this channel is controlled by intracellular ATP and through phosphorylation by cAMP- o ...
... (47) for functional expression. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) has 12 transmembrane domains, two nucleotide binding folds (NBFs), and a regulatory R domain (Fig. 1B). The opening of this channel is controlled by intracellular ATP and through phosphorylation by cAMP- o ...
Neurotransmitter signaling through heterotrimeric G
... G protein coupled receptors Neurotransmitters signal via two distinct classes of receptors, known within the neuroscience field as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors are neurotransmitter-gated ion channels, and most small-molecule neurotransmitters each have a number of such ...
... G protein coupled receptors Neurotransmitters signal via two distinct classes of receptors, known within the neuroscience field as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. Ionotropic receptors are neurotransmitter-gated ion channels, and most small-molecule neurotransmitters each have a number of such ...
G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times.G protein–coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein–coupled receptors are involved in many diseases, and are also the target of approximately 40% of all modern medicinal drugs. Two of the United States's top five selling drugs (Hydrocodone and Lisinopril) act by targeting a G protein–coupled receptor. The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Brian Kobilka and Robert Lefkowitz for their work that was ""crucial for understanding how G protein–coupled receptors function."". There have been at least seven other Nobel Prizes awarded for some aspect of G protein–mediated signaling.There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein–coupled receptors: the cAMP signal pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging its bound GDP for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).