Immunological Mechanisms and Natalizumab Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis Natalizumab Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis
... neurodegenerative component with accumulating axonal damage and gliosis have been demonstrated and contribute to MS disease characteristics. The inflammatory component is considered autoimmune and mediated by auto-reactive T lymphocytes together with other cell populations of the immune system and t ...
... neurodegenerative component with accumulating axonal damage and gliosis have been demonstrated and contribute to MS disease characteristics. The inflammatory component is considered autoimmune and mediated by auto-reactive T lymphocytes together with other cell populations of the immune system and t ...
Tolerance, Danger, and the Extended Family
... 1. MAPs:Each tissue should have its own particular set of diverse MHC/peptide complexes (9-12), which Bonomoand I call a MAP(for MHCAntigen Profile) (11). Although the MAPsof different tissues overlap a great deal, they should also differ dependingon each tissue’s function and protein content. For e ...
... 1. MAPs:Each tissue should have its own particular set of diverse MHC/peptide complexes (9-12), which Bonomoand I call a MAP(for MHCAntigen Profile) (11). Although the MAPsof different tissues overlap a great deal, they should also differ dependingon each tissue’s function and protein content. For e ...
Cryptic T-Cell Epitopes and their Role in the
... degradation may be taken up and processed dierently compared to the intact form of the antigen, leading to the presentation of a dierent pro®le of epitopes (Fig. 3d). In some circumstances, this could lead to enhanced presentation of cryptic epitopes. In addition to these possibilities, the increa ...
... degradation may be taken up and processed dierently compared to the intact form of the antigen, leading to the presentation of a dierent pro®le of epitopes (Fig. 3d). In some circumstances, this could lead to enhanced presentation of cryptic epitopes. In addition to these possibilities, the increa ...
No Slide Title - Mercury Science
... serum albumin. Since potentially toxic metabolites can be produced by the immunogens, additional steps are taken to identify immunization conditions that are not lethal. ...
... serum albumin. Since potentially toxic metabolites can be produced by the immunogens, additional steps are taken to identify immunization conditions that are not lethal. ...
New Insights on the Pathogenesis of Invasive Cryptococcus neoformans
... response to Cn infection. Treating infected animals with antibodies to GXM can enhance survival and reduce lung fungal burdens and serum GXM [8]. In addition, human antibodies are effective against disseminated cryptococcosis. Transgenic mice expressing human antibodies can develop a protective anti ...
... response to Cn infection. Treating infected animals with antibodies to GXM can enhance survival and reduce lung fungal burdens and serum GXM [8]. In addition, human antibodies are effective against disseminated cryptococcosis. Transgenic mice expressing human antibodies can develop a protective anti ...
Initiation of HAART during acute simian immunodeficiency virus
... on when therapy should be initiated. In our SIV macaque model, the brain is infected by 4 days p.i., and the peak of viral RNA in plasma occurs in untreated animals at 7 days p.i. Thus, treatment at 4 days represents a critical period in which the brain is actively being seeded, and immune responses ...
... on when therapy should be initiated. In our SIV macaque model, the brain is infected by 4 days p.i., and the peak of viral RNA in plasma occurs in untreated animals at 7 days p.i. Thus, treatment at 4 days represents a critical period in which the brain is actively being seeded, and immune responses ...
Toll-like receptors in innate immunity
... immunity controls not only host defense against pathogens but also immune disorders. ...
... immunity controls not only host defense against pathogens but also immune disorders. ...
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-
... necrosis, an inflammatory process. This might trigger maturation signals in dendritic cells (DCs) which may, in turn, stimulate an immune response towards autoantigens [17]. According to the danger theory first proposed by Matzinger, the immune system would recognize the tissue damage as a danger si ...
... necrosis, an inflammatory process. This might trigger maturation signals in dendritic cells (DCs) which may, in turn, stimulate an immune response towards autoantigens [17]. According to the danger theory first proposed by Matzinger, the immune system would recognize the tissue damage as a danger si ...
Exosomes: Looking back three decades and into the future
... et al., 2010) or inflammasome activation (Qu et al., 2007, 2009) enhances the production of exosomes as well as plasma membrane–derived microvesicles. Although most studies have used mammalian cells as the source of exosomes, nonmammalian cells, including pathogenic parasites such as Leishmania, can ...
... et al., 2010) or inflammasome activation (Qu et al., 2007, 2009) enhances the production of exosomes as well as plasma membrane–derived microvesicles. Although most studies have used mammalian cells as the source of exosomes, nonmammalian cells, including pathogenic parasites such as Leishmania, can ...
Immune Abnormalities in Patients Meeting New Diagnostic Criteria
... CFS/ME, according to the 1994 CDC and ICC. The findings indicate that the ICC is invaluable in identifying immunological differences that have consistently been shown to be decreased in CFS/ME patients diagnosed with the 1994 CDC. The ICC is able to determine additional differences within immunologi ...
... CFS/ME, according to the 1994 CDC and ICC. The findings indicate that the ICC is invaluable in identifying immunological differences that have consistently been shown to be decreased in CFS/ME patients diagnosed with the 1994 CDC. The ICC is able to determine additional differences within immunologi ...
on Immune Function
... Low blood zinc concentrations have been described in HIV-infected adults Low serum or plasma levels of selenium consistent with deficiency have been reported in HIV-infected adults (148). ...
... Low blood zinc concentrations have been described in HIV-infected adults Low serum or plasma levels of selenium consistent with deficiency have been reported in HIV-infected adults (148). ...
Hepatitis B virus: from immunobiology to
... INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST HBV The innate immune system has evolved as the host’s first line of defence against viral infections. By a timely recognition of viral nucleic acids, viral proteins and tissue damage it has the capacity to limit viral spread early during the course of infection. The ...
... INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSES AGAINST HBV The innate immune system has evolved as the host’s first line of defence against viral infections. By a timely recognition of viral nucleic acids, viral proteins and tissue damage it has the capacity to limit viral spread early during the course of infection. The ...
The evolution of natural killer cell receptors
... MHC-I expression, that unlike KIRs is highly conserved. Lemurs, on the other hand, exhibit only one single nonfunctional KIR gene in their LRC, but they have diversified the genes encoding CD94 and NKG2 (Averdam et al. 2009). Located in lemur chromosome 7, the NKC comprises three CD94 genes and five ...
... MHC-I expression, that unlike KIRs is highly conserved. Lemurs, on the other hand, exhibit only one single nonfunctional KIR gene in their LRC, but they have diversified the genes encoding CD94 and NKG2 (Averdam et al. 2009). Located in lemur chromosome 7, the NKC comprises three CD94 genes and five ...
Immunology, Nutrition, and the Athlete, Part II
... involving numerous factors, both immunologic and neuroendocrine. Despite many individual factors having been identified, clear-cut mechanisms are elusive. Multiple endocrine and metabolic factors are involved in the phenomenon of exercise-induced immune dysfunction. This of course leaves the clinici ...
... involving numerous factors, both immunologic and neuroendocrine. Despite many individual factors having been identified, clear-cut mechanisms are elusive. Multiple endocrine and metabolic factors are involved in the phenomenon of exercise-induced immune dysfunction. This of course leaves the clinici ...
Moderate Physical Exercise and Purinergic Signaling: The Impact of
... Since NTPDase (ADP) activity is augmented, it means that more ADP is being hydrolyzed [9] and it could explain one of the training mechanisms on tromboregulation. Since less concentration of ADP is in the microenvironment and ADP is the most important molecule that pursues pro-aggregant action, the ...
... Since NTPDase (ADP) activity is augmented, it means that more ADP is being hydrolyzed [9] and it could explain one of the training mechanisms on tromboregulation. Since less concentration of ADP is in the microenvironment and ADP is the most important molecule that pursues pro-aggregant action, the ...
The human liver contains multiple populations of NK cells, T cells
... dramatically from that in peripheral blood and other organs, suggesting that the liver may have a specialized role in the immune system. The liver contains significantly higher numbers of NK cells and CD81 cytotoxic T cells compared with blood (1, 2), and up to one-half of the hepatic T cell compart ...
... dramatically from that in peripheral blood and other organs, suggesting that the liver may have a specialized role in the immune system. The liver contains significantly higher numbers of NK cells and CD81 cytotoxic T cells compared with blood (1, 2), and up to one-half of the hepatic T cell compart ...
Long-Term Protective Immunity Induced Against
... and T cell responses. Immunizations of mice with rAdASP2 and rAdTS induced high levels of serum antibodies specific for their recombinant products. In addition, both recombinant viruses were able to elicit a biased helper T cell type 1 (Th1) cellular immune response and a substantial CD8 T cell-med ...
... and T cell responses. Immunizations of mice with rAdASP2 and rAdTS induced high levels of serum antibodies specific for their recombinant products. In addition, both recombinant viruses were able to elicit a biased helper T cell type 1 (Th1) cellular immune response and a substantial CD8 T cell-med ...
Brain-resident memory T cells represent an autonomous
... brain were bona fide TRM (from now on referred to as bTRM). To investigate the protective role of bTRM upon brain reinfection, we generated rLCMV memory mice by either i.v. or co-infection (i.c. + i.v.; Fig. 2 A). Co-infection was used to assure similar generation of circulating TM. Indeed, both i ...
... brain were bona fide TRM (from now on referred to as bTRM). To investigate the protective role of bTRM upon brain reinfection, we generated rLCMV memory mice by either i.v. or co-infection (i.c. + i.v.; Fig. 2 A). Co-infection was used to assure similar generation of circulating TM. Indeed, both i ...
CURRICULUM VITAE - University of Oxford
... The work of the group is directly informed by clinical observation from patients we see in clinic, and is then translated back to the patients. This is illustrated, for example, by the ILC2 work above, which is being explored through a clinical trial. We aim to understand disease by studying samples ...
... The work of the group is directly informed by clinical observation from patients we see in clinic, and is then translated back to the patients. This is illustrated, for example, by the ILC2 work above, which is being explored through a clinical trial. We aim to understand disease by studying samples ...
Brain-resident memory T cells represent an autonomous cytotoxic
... brain were bona fide TRM (from now on referred to as bTRM). To investigate the protective role of bTRM upon brain reinfection, we generated rLCMV memory mice by either i.v. or co-infection (i.c. + i.v.; Fig. 2 A). Co-infection was used to assure similar generation of circulating TM. Indeed, both i ...
... brain were bona fide TRM (from now on referred to as bTRM). To investigate the protective role of bTRM upon brain reinfection, we generated rLCMV memory mice by either i.v. or co-infection (i.c. + i.v.; Fig. 2 A). Co-infection was used to assure similar generation of circulating TM. Indeed, both i ...
The origins of the identification and isolation of hematopoietic stem
... lymphocytes.12-16 In perhaps the most brilliant experiment of the series, they induced clonal markers in donor marrow by sublethal irradiation, then transplanted cells in numbers that made visible day 10 spleen colonies; each colony that had a chromosomal marker had one that was distinctive for that ...
... lymphocytes.12-16 In perhaps the most brilliant experiment of the series, they induced clonal markers in donor marrow by sublethal irradiation, then transplanted cells in numbers that made visible day 10 spleen colonies; each colony that had a chromosomal marker had one that was distinctive for that ...
Characterization of a surface antigen of Type="Italic
... 1985), but in that case capping and shedding occurred only during host cell invasion. In both cases, however, immunolabelled vesicles accumu, lated on the posterior extremity of the sporozoites, which was also the case with E. nieschulzi in the present study and indicates that ligands are associated ...
... 1985), but in that case capping and shedding occurred only during host cell invasion. In both cases, however, immunolabelled vesicles accumu, lated on the posterior extremity of the sporozoites, which was also the case with E. nieschulzi in the present study and indicates that ligands are associated ...
Regression of Nevi After Candida Injection for the Treatment of
... Thus immune modulators including, Candida immunotherapy, are used to treat persistent recalcitrant and multiple verruca simultaneously. Observation: Very few serious side effects are reported with Candida immunotherapy including vitiligo and now halo nevi. Conclusions and Relevance: Physicians need ...
... Thus immune modulators including, Candida immunotherapy, are used to treat persistent recalcitrant and multiple verruca simultaneously. Observation: Very few serious side effects are reported with Candida immunotherapy including vitiligo and now halo nevi. Conclusions and Relevance: Physicians need ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.