IgG plasma cells display a unique spectrum of
... mice 4 months after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection into naive recipients results in significant long-term LCMV-specific serum IgG levels, suggesting that long-lived plasma cells may maintain their capacity to home to bone marrow.1 Plasma cells have also been identified at sites ...
... mice 4 months after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection into naive recipients results in significant long-term LCMV-specific serum IgG levels, suggesting that long-lived plasma cells may maintain their capacity to home to bone marrow.1 Plasma cells have also been identified at sites ...
22 It`s hard to name a thinker more important to shaping
... fortunately Jerne’s traveling companion was lecturing on the eyes of beetles and claimed to be able to tell if a motel had bed bugs by smell alone. Six dollars a night appeared to be the rate the bugs couldn’t afford. Along the way, Jerne got enough encouragement to write a paper on his theory— long ...
... fortunately Jerne’s traveling companion was lecturing on the eyes of beetles and claimed to be able to tell if a motel had bed bugs by smell alone. Six dollars a night appeared to be the rate the bugs couldn’t afford. Along the way, Jerne got enough encouragement to write a paper on his theory— long ...
TISSUE STRUCTURE - Trinity College Dublin
... stains may be used for specific substances (e.g. fat or glycogen)(see below). ...
... stains may be used for specific substances (e.g. fat or glycogen)(see below). ...
Activation of a Nonclassical NKT Cell Subset in a Transgenic
... 4C). By contrast, the mice that received 1.2 ⫻ 106 NK cells displayed no increase in serum ALT (Figure 4B) and little or no abnormality in liver histology (Figure 4C). Taken together, these data demonstrate that NKT cells are both necessary and sufficient to induce acute hepatitis in this model. NKT ...
... 4C). By contrast, the mice that received 1.2 ⫻ 106 NK cells displayed no increase in serum ALT (Figure 4B) and little or no abnormality in liver histology (Figure 4C). Taken together, these data demonstrate that NKT cells are both necessary and sufficient to induce acute hepatitis in this model. NKT ...
NIH Public Access
... a functional immune phenotype and no expression of disease (immune homeostasis). Appropriate colonization is influenced by the prebiotic effect of breast milk oligosaccharides. Adequate colonization results in an innate and adaptive mucosal immune phenotype via communication between molecular patter ...
... a functional immune phenotype and no expression of disease (immune homeostasis). Appropriate colonization is influenced by the prebiotic effect of breast milk oligosaccharides. Adequate colonization results in an innate and adaptive mucosal immune phenotype via communication between molecular patter ...
Association between Tuberculin Skin Test Reactivity, the Memory
... and triggered referral. At the first study visit, blood samples were obtained, a 2– tuberculin unit TST (RT23; Statens Serum Institute) was placed on the volar aspect of the forearm, and the site was marked with a circle with the use of a felt-tip pen. At 48 h, the transverse diameter of TST indurat ...
... and triggered referral. At the first study visit, blood samples were obtained, a 2– tuberculin unit TST (RT23; Statens Serum Institute) was placed on the volar aspect of the forearm, and the site was marked with a circle with the use of a felt-tip pen. At 48 h, the transverse diameter of TST indurat ...
Effects of intracellular and extracellular heat shock proteins on anti
... The adaptive immune system is a highly sophisticated and potent system and needs to be instructed and regulated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Dendritic cells (DC) are unique APCs because they are the only ones that are able to induce primary immune responses, thus permitting the establishment ...
... The adaptive immune system is a highly sophisticated and potent system and needs to be instructed and regulated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Dendritic cells (DC) are unique APCs because they are the only ones that are able to induce primary immune responses, thus permitting the establishment ...
Hemolin development and its effect on malaria parasites
... system. It is noteworthy that despite the hundreds of millions of years between the separation of vertebrates and insects, their innate immune systems still have substantial similarities. Many pathways, effector molecules and mechanisms of action are similar [3]. The main difference between innate a ...
... system. It is noteworthy that despite the hundreds of millions of years between the separation of vertebrates and insects, their innate immune systems still have substantial similarities. Many pathways, effector molecules and mechanisms of action are similar [3]. The main difference between innate a ...
ma - FixHepC
... T-Cell Regulation via Multiple Costimulatory and Inhibitory Interactions Antigen-Presenting Cell ...
... T-Cell Regulation via Multiple Costimulatory and Inhibitory Interactions Antigen-Presenting Cell ...
Introduction - University of Kentucky
... mediate specific classes of antibody production, and differentiate into memory T-helper cells. APCs include macrophages, B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells. These cells have two characteristics that distinguish them from other cells. As mentioned earlier, they express MHC II molecules on their membra ...
... mediate specific classes of antibody production, and differentiate into memory T-helper cells. APCs include macrophages, B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells. These cells have two characteristics that distinguish them from other cells. As mentioned earlier, they express MHC II molecules on their membra ...
dental stem cells and their potential role in regenrative
... formation of a dentin-like tissue, while bone marrow stem cells generated a tissue approaching that of lamellar ...
... formation of a dentin-like tissue, while bone marrow stem cells generated a tissue approaching that of lamellar ...
FoxP3 low cells alter the balance between Treg and
... remission. Although the exact etiology and pathology of UC remains unknown[2], there is increasing evidence that an aberrant immune response is involved in this disease[3]. Acquired immunity plays a vital role in UC pathogenesis, where in T helper cell-type (Th) 1 and Th2 immune responses, as well a ...
... remission. Although the exact etiology and pathology of UC remains unknown[2], there is increasing evidence that an aberrant immune response is involved in this disease[3]. Acquired immunity plays a vital role in UC pathogenesis, where in T helper cell-type (Th) 1 and Th2 immune responses, as well a ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF
... is then processed into peptides within the APC and after forming a complex with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule, is transported to the cell surface. In the presence of costimulatory signals, T cells recognize the MHC-peptide complex and a sequence of allergic reactions is ...
... is then processed into peptides within the APC and after forming a complex with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule, is transported to the cell surface. In the presence of costimulatory signals, T cells recognize the MHC-peptide complex and a sequence of allergic reactions is ...
Humoral and cellular immune responses induced by the urease
... insecticidal mechanism of action is still not well understood. Jaburetox is a recombinant peptide derived from one of the isoforms of Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Bean) urease that presents biotechnological interest since it is toxic to insects of different orders. Previous studies of our group using ...
... insecticidal mechanism of action is still not well understood. Jaburetox is a recombinant peptide derived from one of the isoforms of Canavalia ensiformis (Jack Bean) urease that presents biotechnological interest since it is toxic to insects of different orders. Previous studies of our group using ...
Autoimmune Destruction of Pancreatic b Cells
... has been manipulated. Hyperexpression of GAD65 in b cells of NOD mice resulted in a lower incidence of diabetes in one line of transgenic mice and no difference in the incidence of diabetes in another transgenic line, as compared with nontransgenic control NOD mice. A quantitative difference in the ...
... has been manipulated. Hyperexpression of GAD65 in b cells of NOD mice resulted in a lower incidence of diabetes in one line of transgenic mice and no difference in the incidence of diabetes in another transgenic line, as compared with nontransgenic control NOD mice. A quantitative difference in the ...
Lineage Commitment During T cell Development
... Evolving Transcriptional Networks as Notch Influences Early T Cell Development Yui and Rothernberg, NRI, 2014 ...
... Evolving Transcriptional Networks as Notch Influences Early T Cell Development Yui and Rothernberg, NRI, 2014 ...
Thioaptamer decoy targeting of AP-1 proteins influences cytokine
... Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is caused by a number of viruses, including arenaviruses. The pathogenesis is believed to involve dysregulation of cytokine production. The arenaviruses Lassa virus and Pichinde virus have a tropism for macrophages and other reticuloendothelial cells and both appear to ...
... Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is caused by a number of viruses, including arenaviruses. The pathogenesis is believed to involve dysregulation of cytokine production. The arenaviruses Lassa virus and Pichinde virus have a tropism for macrophages and other reticuloendothelial cells and both appear to ...
Trogocytosis-associated cell to cell spread of intracellular bacterial
... Orange arrow- second bacterial transfer event. Movie available as Video 1. (B) The proportion of recipient macrophages infected after a 6 hr coincubation with infected cells of the same type (3 independent experiments performed in triplicate). (C) A representative histogram of the amount of calcein ...
... Orange arrow- second bacterial transfer event. Movie available as Video 1. (B) The proportion of recipient macrophages infected after a 6 hr coincubation with infected cells of the same type (3 independent experiments performed in triplicate). (C) A representative histogram of the amount of calcein ...
Raulet, D. H. and N. Guerra. 2009. Oncogenic stress sensed by the immune system: role of natural killer cell receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 9:568-580.
... Independently of each other, the DNA damage response and activated p19ARF activate key tumour suppressors such as p53. Depending on numerous factors, activated p53 results in cell cycle arrest, cell senescence or apoptosis, all of which are intrinsic barriers to tumorigenesis. The DNA damage respons ...
... Independently of each other, the DNA damage response and activated p19ARF activate key tumour suppressors such as p53. Depending on numerous factors, activated p53 results in cell cycle arrest, cell senescence or apoptosis, all of which are intrinsic barriers to tumorigenesis. The DNA damage respons ...
Replication-Competent Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and
... expressing indicator proteins and porcine type I interferons (IFNs). The indicator protein-expressing PRRS viruses efficiently produce progeny viruses and provide an efficient means for real-time monitoring of viral replication, thus allowing high-throughput elucidation of the role of host factors i ...
... expressing indicator proteins and porcine type I interferons (IFNs). The indicator protein-expressing PRRS viruses efficiently produce progeny viruses and provide an efficient means for real-time monitoring of viral replication, thus allowing high-throughput elucidation of the role of host factors i ...
M201_Asthma_03
... towns, and have thus been placed in circumstances where the predisposition to hay-fever would be most rapidly developed in those who rise to a place amongst the educated class. And lately, I have shown that the production of the exciting cause has of late years been largely increased. Taking all the ...
... towns, and have thus been placed in circumstances where the predisposition to hay-fever would be most rapidly developed in those who rise to a place amongst the educated class. And lately, I have shown that the production of the exciting cause has of late years been largely increased. Taking all the ...
Challenges and strategies: The immune responses in gene therapy
... induced by adenovirus particles are very strong. In fact, some studies have proved that even the empty capsid alone derived from adenoviruses could induce an adaptive immune responses.12,13 The adenovirus capsid activates a number of signaling pathways following cell entry including p38 mitogen-acti ...
... induced by adenovirus particles are very strong. In fact, some studies have proved that even the empty capsid alone derived from adenoviruses could induce an adaptive immune responses.12,13 The adenovirus capsid activates a number of signaling pathways following cell entry including p38 mitogen-acti ...
Transmission of a fatal clonal tumor by biting occurs carnivorous marsupial
... decreased devil numbers by 50% since its appearance in 1996, with some populations declining by 90% (5). Although DFTD is widespread across eastern Tasmania, it has not yet been observed in northwestern populations (5). Pearse and Swift (2) proposed that DFTD cells are transferred between individual ...
... decreased devil numbers by 50% since its appearance in 1996, with some populations declining by 90% (5). Although DFTD is widespread across eastern Tasmania, it has not yet been observed in northwestern populations (5). Pearse and Swift (2) proposed that DFTD cells are transferred between individual ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.