Copper, Zinc, and Iron in Normal and Leukemic
... may not be interdependent at variance with other reports (28, 29), and that an active regulation of their intracellular level, possibly at the membrane level, may exist (29-31). In this con text, the higher mineral content of T-cell-enriched preparation may also be due to membrane regulation, perhap ...
... may not be interdependent at variance with other reports (28, 29), and that an active regulation of their intracellular level, possibly at the membrane level, may exist (29-31). In this con text, the higher mineral content of T-cell-enriched preparation may also be due to membrane regulation, perhap ...
Macrophages in Kidney Injury and Repair
... functions for Mφs in glomerular diseases, but these have to be interpreted with caution due to lack of specificity of such preparations (66, 85). Liposomal encapsulated clodronate has been developed recently to ablate Mφs in vivo. This strategy relies on the selective uptake of liposomes by monocyte ...
... functions for Mφs in glomerular diseases, but these have to be interpreted with caution due to lack of specificity of such preparations (66, 85). Liposomal encapsulated clodronate has been developed recently to ablate Mφs in vivo. This strategy relies on the selective uptake of liposomes by monocyte ...
Control of Human Viral Infections by Natural Killer Cells
... NK cell–mediated lysis, and engagement of activating Ly49/KIRs provides an activating signal. Nevertheless, thus far only KIR2DS1 has been shown to interact directly with HLA-C, and ligands for the remaining activating KIRs still remain to be identified (25). Finally, genes encoding Ly49 and KIR rece ...
... NK cell–mediated lysis, and engagement of activating Ly49/KIRs provides an activating signal. Nevertheless, thus far only KIR2DS1 has been shown to interact directly with HLA-C, and ligands for the remaining activating KIRs still remain to be identified (25). Finally, genes encoding Ly49 and KIR rece ...
Regional Specialisation of T Cell Subsets and Apoptosis in the
... pathophysiology of chronic inflammation, mainly in CD, has been clearly demonstrated.7 Besides these conventional T cell subsets, atypical and less-known T cells such as double positive T cells [DP, CD3+CD4+CD8+] and double negative T cells [DN, CD3+CD4-CD8-] may also exert regulatory and effector f ...
... pathophysiology of chronic inflammation, mainly in CD, has been clearly demonstrated.7 Besides these conventional T cell subsets, atypical and less-known T cells such as double positive T cells [DP, CD3+CD4+CD8+] and double negative T cells [DN, CD3+CD4-CD8-] may also exert regulatory and effector f ...
How to Obtain Appropriate Executive Decisions Using Artificial Immunologic Systems
... The work of the innate immunologic mechanism on phagocytosis can correspond to specific decisions for structured problems; Multiple antigens detections can occurs in the body simultaneously without the need of a central control mechanism. The same happens with simple decisions that can be made (i.e. ...
... The work of the innate immunologic mechanism on phagocytosis can correspond to specific decisions for structured problems; Multiple antigens detections can occurs in the body simultaneously without the need of a central control mechanism. The same happens with simple decisions that can be made (i.e. ...
Immune Response to Self Nuclear Autoantigen Determines the Fate
... which are a prototype model of human SLE, the pathway of peripheral tolerance to eliminate self-reactive lymphocytes is impaired due to the deficient Fas/Fas ligand system (8). The importance of peripheral tolerance has already been demonstrated using Tg mice in which the extrathymic organs express ...
... which are a prototype model of human SLE, the pathway of peripheral tolerance to eliminate self-reactive lymphocytes is impaired due to the deficient Fas/Fas ligand system (8). The importance of peripheral tolerance has already been demonstrated using Tg mice in which the extrathymic organs express ...
T-cell exhaustion in allograft rejection and tolerance
... activation seems to be critically required through adjuvants for an effective vaccine response [60]: complete Freund’s adjuvant for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and arthritis induction [61,62]; and alarmins for ischemia–reperfusion injury and allograft rejection [63]. A recent study ind ...
... activation seems to be critically required through adjuvants for an effective vaccine response [60]: complete Freund’s adjuvant for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and arthritis induction [61,62]; and alarmins for ischemia–reperfusion injury and allograft rejection [63]. A recent study ind ...
by Acceleration of Lymphocyte Homing the Number of Circulating
... human organ transplantations (1, 2). Both of these two immunosuppressants are known to exert their immunosuppressive activity by inhibiting the production of Th1-associated cytokines in Ag-stimulated helper T cells (3–5). Although CsA and FK506 bind to different proteins, cyclophilin and FK506 bindi ...
... human organ transplantations (1, 2). Both of these two immunosuppressants are known to exert their immunosuppressive activity by inhibiting the production of Th1-associated cytokines in Ag-stimulated helper T cells (3–5). Although CsA and FK506 bind to different proteins, cyclophilin and FK506 bindi ...
Pre-infection transcript levels of FAM26F in peripheral blood
... revealed that FAM26F RNA levels distinguished CD8+ cells of controllers and non-controllers (P=0.001). However, FAM26F was also expressed in CD4+ T-cells and B-cells. FAM26F expression increased in lymphocytes after in vitro IFN-g treatment on average 40-fold, and ex vivo FAM26F RNA levels in periph ...
... revealed that FAM26F RNA levels distinguished CD8+ cells of controllers and non-controllers (P=0.001). However, FAM26F was also expressed in CD4+ T-cells and B-cells. FAM26F expression increased in lymphocytes after in vitro IFN-g treatment on average 40-fold, and ex vivo FAM26F RNA levels in periph ...
Full Reviews Immunity in arterial hypertension
... inflammation as well as all sorts of leukocyte subsets that contribute to (vascular wall) inflammation in an antigenindependent manner [4, 5]. In case loss of tolerance occurs, also adaptive immunity may contribute to vascular wall inflammation [6, 7]. The resulting endothelial dysfunction and increase ...
... inflammation as well as all sorts of leukocyte subsets that contribute to (vascular wall) inflammation in an antigenindependent manner [4, 5]. In case loss of tolerance occurs, also adaptive immunity may contribute to vascular wall inflammation [6, 7]. The resulting endothelial dysfunction and increase ...
(From the Variety Club Heart Hospital Pediatric Research
... mixed with Freund's adjuvant, was injected intramuscularly and intracoelomically for primary sensitization. ChaUenge injections consisted of intradermal, intramuscular, and intracoelomic injections of old tuberculin (Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis), diluted 1:10 and 1:100. Ascaris lumbricoides ...
... mixed with Freund's adjuvant, was injected intramuscularly and intracoelomically for primary sensitization. ChaUenge injections consisted of intradermal, intramuscular, and intracoelomic injections of old tuberculin (Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis), diluted 1:10 and 1:100. Ascaris lumbricoides ...
Monoclonal Versus Polyclonal Antibodies: Distinguishing
... presenting multiple epitopes. Avidity is determined by the affinity of the antibody for the epitope, the number of antibody binding sites, and the geometry of the resulting antibody-antigen complexes. For example, IgG is bivalent, whereas IgM is decavalent and therefore has a higher avidity. Avidity ...
... presenting multiple epitopes. Avidity is determined by the affinity of the antibody for the epitope, the number of antibody binding sites, and the geometry of the resulting antibody-antigen complexes. For example, IgG is bivalent, whereas IgM is decavalent and therefore has a higher avidity. Avidity ...
Protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii induced by DNA
... (TgCDPK3) and evaluated its protective efficacy against T. gondii infection in Kunming mice. The gene sequence encoding TgCDPK3 was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX I, and mice were immunized with pVAX-CDPK3 intramuscularly. Results: The results showed that mice immunized with pVA ...
... (TgCDPK3) and evaluated its protective efficacy against T. gondii infection in Kunming mice. The gene sequence encoding TgCDPK3 was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pVAX I, and mice were immunized with pVAX-CDPK3 intramuscularly. Results: The results showed that mice immunized with pVA ...
Anabolic androgenic steroids effects on the immune system: a review
... sites on the chromatin, promoting gene transcription and the consequent synthesis of messenger RNA from DNA in the cell nucleus [25] to initiate protein synthesis [31]. Chaperone proteins associated with the receptors keep them in an inactive state until a steroid binds [32]. This results in the pro ...
... sites on the chromatin, promoting gene transcription and the consequent synthesis of messenger RNA from DNA in the cell nucleus [25] to initiate protein synthesis [31]. Chaperone proteins associated with the receptors keep them in an inactive state until a steroid binds [32]. This results in the pro ...
Platelets as immune-sensing cells
... inflammation influences both coagulation2 and the immune functions of platelets.3 In this report, we will focus on and advocate for the emerging role of platelet immune functions in a nonhemostatic and inflammatory setting. This includes the ability of platelets to battle invading pathogens during i ...
... inflammation influences both coagulation2 and the immune functions of platelets.3 In this report, we will focus on and advocate for the emerging role of platelet immune functions in a nonhemostatic and inflammatory setting. This includes the ability of platelets to battle invading pathogens during i ...
Herpes Simplex Viruses
... – Makes memory B cells, memory helper T cells, AND memory killer T cells – Does not pose danger of real infection – Immuno-compromised individuals can get infection from carrier ...
... – Makes memory B cells, memory helper T cells, AND memory killer T cells – Does not pose danger of real infection – Immuno-compromised individuals can get infection from carrier ...
Immunopathology of Sepsis - American College of Veterinary
... killing. Complement fragments will serve to opsonized bacteria to allow improved phagocytosis. The terminal components of the complement cascade will form a membrane attack complex. The membrane attack complex will essentially punch a hole in the cell wall to cause osmotic lysis of the bacteria. Oth ...
... killing. Complement fragments will serve to opsonized bacteria to allow improved phagocytosis. The terminal components of the complement cascade will form a membrane attack complex. The membrane attack complex will essentially punch a hole in the cell wall to cause osmotic lysis of the bacteria. Oth ...
Infection Leishmania major Immunity Against JNK1 Is Required for T
... activation of the innate immune system that renders them susceptible to infection, a subject which had not been addressed in our previous analysis. Because IL-12 produced by activated APCs has been shown to be required to establish Th1-mediated immune responses against infections with L. major (14, ...
... activation of the innate immune system that renders them susceptible to infection, a subject which had not been addressed in our previous analysis. Because IL-12 produced by activated APCs has been shown to be required to establish Th1-mediated immune responses against infections with L. major (14, ...
Initial depletion of regulatory T cells: the missing
... PPD/candidin. After 2 hours, DCs were washed and cultured for another 24 hours under the same conditions, except that trimeric CD40-ligand (Immunex, Seattle, WA) was added to the culture medium at 250 ng/mL to induce activation and maturation of DCs. Loaded or unloaded DCs were plated in triplicates ...
... PPD/candidin. After 2 hours, DCs were washed and cultured for another 24 hours under the same conditions, except that trimeric CD40-ligand (Immunex, Seattle, WA) was added to the culture medium at 250 ng/mL to induce activation and maturation of DCs. Loaded or unloaded DCs were plated in triplicates ...
CD4 T cells promote tissue inflammation via CD40 signaling without
... CD154 knockout (KO) mice, CD28 KO mice, and wildtype (WT) mice treated with anti-CD154 antibody (Ab) or cytotoxic t-lymphocyte antigen 4 immunoglobulin were protected from IRI.6 Our recent study on type I IFN receptors versus type II IFN receptors indicated that IFN-␥ might be dispensable in liver I ...
... CD154 knockout (KO) mice, CD28 KO mice, and wildtype (WT) mice treated with anti-CD154 antibody (Ab) or cytotoxic t-lymphocyte antigen 4 immunoglobulin were protected from IRI.6 Our recent study on type I IFN receptors versus type II IFN receptors indicated that IFN-␥ might be dispensable in liver I ...
Sleep, the Immune System and the Common Cold
... different phases of sleep (Bryant et al, 2004), and that nocturnal sleep causes the balance between T helper cell types to shift in favor of Type 1 cells (Th1) in humans (Dimitrov et al, 2004). Th1 cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines which support the innate immune response against foreign cell ...
... different phases of sleep (Bryant et al, 2004), and that nocturnal sleep causes the balance between T helper cell types to shift in favor of Type 1 cells (Th1) in humans (Dimitrov et al, 2004). Th1 cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines which support the innate immune response against foreign cell ...
Tolerance, Danger, and the Extended Family
... 1. MAPs:Each tissue should have its own particular set of diverse MHC/peptide complexes (9-12), which Bonomoand I call a MAP(for MHCAntigen Profile) (11). Although the MAPsof different tissues overlap a great deal, they should also differ dependingon each tissue’s function and protein content. For e ...
... 1. MAPs:Each tissue should have its own particular set of diverse MHC/peptide complexes (9-12), which Bonomoand I call a MAP(for MHCAntigen Profile) (11). Although the MAPsof different tissues overlap a great deal, they should also differ dependingon each tissue’s function and protein content. For e ...
Cytokine responses in birds challenged with the human food
... The epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract is a high-risk area where pathogens, especially bacteria, can infect a host. On recognition of a pathogen the host immune response involves a number of cells (e.g. natural killer, helper T (Th) cells) and signalling molecules resulting in a complex ...
... The epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract is a high-risk area where pathogens, especially bacteria, can infect a host. On recognition of a pathogen the host immune response involves a number of cells (e.g. natural killer, helper T (Th) cells) and signalling molecules resulting in a complex ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.