Positive selection on apoptosis related genes
... allowed to accumulate randomly (if there is no selection), x is expected to be equal to 1. If the function of the gene is tightly maintained, and most mutations are neutral or deleterious, x is expected to be below 1, indicative of negative selection (most genes, particularly housekeeping genes, fal ...
... allowed to accumulate randomly (if there is no selection), x is expected to be equal to 1. If the function of the gene is tightly maintained, and most mutations are neutral or deleterious, x is expected to be below 1, indicative of negative selection (most genes, particularly housekeeping genes, fal ...
Posttranslational Modifications of Proteins in Type 1 Diabetes: The
... captured by a network of APCs, which tightly associate with blood vessels, in the islets. A number of digested peptides are presented that differ from native insulin sequences, possibly resulting in the generation of diabetogenic T cells. This may be common among all endocrine tissues, and using too ...
... captured by a network of APCs, which tightly associate with blood vessels, in the islets. A number of digested peptides are presented that differ from native insulin sequences, possibly resulting in the generation of diabetogenic T cells. This may be common among all endocrine tissues, and using too ...
Mucus Properties and Goblet Cell Quantification in Mouse, Rat and
... them to the immune cells in the subepithelial dome of the patch [11,15,16]. Uptake and transport of antigen and bacteria over the FAE is increased compared to regular villus epithelium, which results in higher amounts of transported material reaching the subepithelial dome [16]. Transepithelial tran ...
... them to the immune cells in the subepithelial dome of the patch [11,15,16]. Uptake and transport of antigen and bacteria over the FAE is increased compared to regular villus epithelium, which results in higher amounts of transported material reaching the subepithelial dome [16]. Transepithelial tran ...
Regulatory T Cells in Central Nervous System Injury
... factor Foxp3 (11–13), have been intensively studied for their ability to suppress adaptive immune responses (14–17). This subset of T cells, which develops with high avidity to self-Ags, is especially important in controlling autoimmunity (18). Therefore, it has been proposed that Treg cells mediate ...
... factor Foxp3 (11–13), have been intensively studied for their ability to suppress adaptive immune responses (14–17). This subset of T cells, which develops with high avidity to self-Ags, is especially important in controlling autoimmunity (18). Therefore, it has been proposed that Treg cells mediate ...
EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID MALIGNANCIES
... Systemic EBV+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disease of childhood is a life-threatening illness of children and young adults characterized by a clonal proliferation of EBV-infected T-cells with an activated cytotoxic phenotype.37) This entity has some overlapping clinicopathologic features with CAEBV an ...
... Systemic EBV+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disease of childhood is a life-threatening illness of children and young adults characterized by a clonal proliferation of EBV-infected T-cells with an activated cytotoxic phenotype.37) This entity has some overlapping clinicopathologic features with CAEBV an ...
microRNA-155 Regulates the Generation of Immunoglobulin Class
... MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is expressed by cells of the immune system following activation and has been shown to be required for antibody production following vaccination with attenuated Salmonella. Here we show the intrinsic requirement for miR-155 in B cell responses to thymusdependent and independent ...
... MicroRNA-155 (miR-155) is expressed by cells of the immune system following activation and has been shown to be required for antibody production following vaccination with attenuated Salmonella. Here we show the intrinsic requirement for miR-155 in B cell responses to thymusdependent and independent ...
The immune system
... A comparison of the non-specific and specific immunity Mechanisms of the specific immunity are not superior over the non-specific, on the contrary, they help them to identify an intruder of the integrity of the organism and to eliminate it ...
... A comparison of the non-specific and specific immunity Mechanisms of the specific immunity are not superior over the non-specific, on the contrary, they help them to identify an intruder of the integrity of the organism and to eliminate it ...
Chapter 13 - IARC Publications
... speaking, the CD number refers to the monoclonal antibodies that recognize the cellular target and not to the target itself, but this convention is often ignored.) Many CD markers identify stages in the maturation from haematopoietic stem cells to the various mature forms. Targets that identify all ...
... speaking, the CD number refers to the monoclonal antibodies that recognize the cellular target and not to the target itself, but this convention is often ignored.) Many CD markers identify stages in the maturation from haematopoietic stem cells to the various mature forms. Targets that identify all ...
The role of microRNA-1246 in the regulation of B cell activation and
... affects multiple organ systems and causes significant morbidity and mortality [1]. One of the hallmarks of SLE is the production of anti-nuclear autoantibodies by uncontrolled over-activated B cells [2]. The autoantibody-autoantigen immune complexes deposit in different tissues and organs, leading t ...
... affects multiple organ systems and causes significant morbidity and mortality [1]. One of the hallmarks of SLE is the production of anti-nuclear autoantibodies by uncontrolled over-activated B cells [2]. The autoantibody-autoantigen immune complexes deposit in different tissues and organs, leading t ...
GAD AS AN IMMUNOMODULATOR IN TYPE 1 DIABETES Stina Axelsson
... months, a subgroup analysis showed that the treatment had an effect on preservation of residual insulin secretion, but the effect was not seen until after 30 months. Taken together, these results suggest that GAD-alum treatment might exert its effect through induction of an early Th2 skewed immune r ...
... months, a subgroup analysis showed that the treatment had an effect on preservation of residual insulin secretion, but the effect was not seen until after 30 months. Taken together, these results suggest that GAD-alum treatment might exert its effect through induction of an early Th2 skewed immune r ...
High Temperature Affects Cytokine Release by Human Peripheral
... Background: Fever is one of the leading signs of the inflammatory process and it is one of the mechanisms that activate the immune system to defend the organism from various pathogens. For this goal, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are among the first to be mobilized by triggering thei ...
... Background: Fever is one of the leading signs of the inflammatory process and it is one of the mechanisms that activate the immune system to defend the organism from various pathogens. For this goal, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are among the first to be mobilized by triggering thei ...
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
... he development of cancer immunotherapy employing cytokines has been hampered by the inability to achieve tumoricidal cytokine levels without dose-limiting toxicity.1–3 However, systemic cytokine administration may not be necessary for the destruction of metastatic tumors. High peritumoral levels of ...
... he development of cancer immunotherapy employing cytokines has been hampered by the inability to achieve tumoricidal cytokine levels without dose-limiting toxicity.1–3 However, systemic cytokine administration may not be necessary for the destruction of metastatic tumors. High peritumoral levels of ...
References
... infection with M. tuberculosis [3–5], it has been suggested that this effect diminishes during adolescence [2, 6]. Consequently, adults are probably not protected from pulmonary tuberculosis by BCG vaccination. To date, no study has investigated the impact of M. bovis BCG vaccination performed in ch ...
... infection with M. tuberculosis [3–5], it has been suggested that this effect diminishes during adolescence [2, 6]. Consequently, adults are probably not protected from pulmonary tuberculosis by BCG vaccination. To date, no study has investigated the impact of M. bovis BCG vaccination performed in ch ...
Reaching the Biological Cure - Diabetes Research Institute
... daily balancing act that requires constant vigilance and attention. In other words, there are no breaks because technology cannot ideally mimic the exquisite, biological function of a healthy pancreas. Why? Pancreatic islet cells, which make up only one to two percent of the organ, have a built-in g ...
... daily balancing act that requires constant vigilance and attention. In other words, there are no breaks because technology cannot ideally mimic the exquisite, biological function of a healthy pancreas. Why? Pancreatic islet cells, which make up only one to two percent of the organ, have a built-in g ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Its Structurally Related
... however, indicates that mast cells also secrete proinflammatory cytokines (14, 15), such as IL-6 (16) and are involved in neuroinflammatory processes (17). These findings have prompted the speculation that mast cells may have a much more versatile role than previously suspected (18, 19). It has been ...
... however, indicates that mast cells also secrete proinflammatory cytokines (14, 15), such as IL-6 (16) and are involved in neuroinflammatory processes (17). These findings have prompted the speculation that mast cells may have a much more versatile role than previously suspected (18, 19). It has been ...
Ianello A, Thompson TW, Ardolino M, Lowe SW, Raulet DH. 2013. p53-dependent chemokine production by senescent tumor cells supports NKG2D-dependent tumor elimination by natural killer cells. J Experimental Medicine 210(10):2057-69.
... fected cells and secrete various inflammatory cytokines, in cluding IFN- and TNF (Vivier et al., 2011). Like other lymphocytes and immune cells, NK cells are recruited to infected or transformed tissue by the action of chemokine gradients (Grégoire et al., 2007). NK cell killing requires engagemen ...
... fected cells and secrete various inflammatory cytokines, in cluding IFN- and TNF (Vivier et al., 2011). Like other lymphocytes and immune cells, NK cells are recruited to infected or transformed tissue by the action of chemokine gradients (Grégoire et al., 2007). NK cell killing requires engagemen ...
Linocin and OmpW Are Involved in Attachment of the Cystic Fibrosis
... identify those proteins that were immunogenic (3). This predictive approach assumes that proteins that are able to induce protective immunity are located outside the cell membrane and therefore possess signal sequences (4). Immunoproteomics has also been used to identify novel antigens that elicit a ...
... identify those proteins that were immunogenic (3). This predictive approach assumes that proteins that are able to induce protective immunity are located outside the cell membrane and therefore possess signal sequences (4). Immunoproteomics has also been used to identify novel antigens that elicit a ...
Epithelial antimicrobial peptides and proteins: their role in
... polypeptides also appear to bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems, by attracting the cellular elements required for orchestrating an immune response. ...
... polypeptides also appear to bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems, by attracting the cellular elements required for orchestrating an immune response. ...
Innate Type 2 Immunity Is Associated with Eosinophilic Pleural
... Recently it has been shown that innate immune cells, such as eosinophils and epithelial cells, play critical roles in inflammation beyond simply functioning to link innate and adaptive immunity. For example, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) produced by innate immune cells have been show ...
... Recently it has been shown that innate immune cells, such as eosinophils and epithelial cells, play critical roles in inflammation beyond simply functioning to link innate and adaptive immunity. For example, IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) produced by innate immune cells have been show ...
Control of neutrophil inflammation at mucosal surfaces by secreted
... at a high flow rate, and the initial tethering process serves to slow the neutrophil’s movement and allow it to “roll” along the endothelial cell surface in order to sample for other potential signals. This tethering occurs via interaction of lectins and lectin receptors, and in the intestine is med ...
... at a high flow rate, and the initial tethering process serves to slow the neutrophil’s movement and allow it to “roll” along the endothelial cell surface in order to sample for other potential signals. This tethering occurs via interaction of lectins and lectin receptors, and in the intestine is med ...
IDENTIFICATION OF THE SEROTYPE-SPECIFIC AND GROUP-SPECIFIC
... P2 et P5 . L 'analyse des precipites immunes de polypeptides so/ubles du BTV conjugues au 14 C et de sera de lapin et de cobaye hyperimmunises a indique que /e polypeptide P2 se precipite seulement avec /es sera BTV homo/ogues. Ceci indiquerait que P2 est le determinant principal de Ia specificite d ...
... P2 et P5 . L 'analyse des precipites immunes de polypeptides so/ubles du BTV conjugues au 14 C et de sera de lapin et de cobaye hyperimmunises a indique que /e polypeptide P2 se precipite seulement avec /es sera BTV homo/ogues. Ceci indiquerait que P2 est le determinant principal de Ia specificite d ...
May 2006 - InvivoGen
... cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In ADCC, the Fc region of an antibody binds to Fc receptors (FcγRs) on the surface of immune effector cells such as natural killers and macrophages, leading to the phagocytosis or lysis of the targeted cells. In CDC, the antibodies kil ...
... cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In ADCC, the Fc region of an antibody binds to Fc receptors (FcγRs) on the surface of immune effector cells such as natural killers and macrophages, leading to the phagocytosis or lysis of the targeted cells. In CDC, the antibodies kil ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.