241.Autoimmunity
... of B cells to secrete IgM even without needing CD4 T cell help. Polyclonal activation leads to the activation of selfreactive B cells and autoantibody production. Patients with mononucleosis (caused by EBV) and AIDS (HIV) have a variety of autoantibodies. ...
... of B cells to secrete IgM even without needing CD4 T cell help. Polyclonal activation leads to the activation of selfreactive B cells and autoantibody production. Patients with mononucleosis (caused by EBV) and AIDS (HIV) have a variety of autoantibodies. ...
Immunological Memory And Role Of T Lymphocytes During Viral
... T lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense system present only at higher levels of evolution. The hallmark of adaptive immune responses is the capacity to “remember” the first encounter with a pathogen and to respond more rapidly and effectively following re-infe ...
... T lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense system present only at higher levels of evolution. The hallmark of adaptive immune responses is the capacity to “remember” the first encounter with a pathogen and to respond more rapidly and effectively following re-infe ...
t lyphocyte
... – Exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens sometimes induces an immune attack against these antigens – Normal self-antigens may be modified by factors such as drugs, environmental chemicals, viruses, or genetic mutations so that they are no longer recognized and tolerated by the immune system ...
... – Exposure of normally inaccessible self-antigens sometimes induces an immune attack against these antigens – Normal self-antigens may be modified by factors such as drugs, environmental chemicals, viruses, or genetic mutations so that they are no longer recognized and tolerated by the immune system ...
File
... Antigen Recognition by T-cells Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): protein on host cell that _______________ of antigen for T-cell recognition. Class I MHC ...
... Antigen Recognition by T-cells Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): protein on host cell that _______________ of antigen for T-cell recognition. Class I MHC ...
Cellular Biology
... Larger amounts of antibody are produced Rapidity is caused by the presence of memory cells that do not have to differentiate IgM is produced in similar quantities to the primary response, but IgG is produced in considerably greater numbers ...
... Larger amounts of antibody are produced Rapidity is caused by the presence of memory cells that do not have to differentiate IgM is produced in similar quantities to the primary response, but IgG is produced in considerably greater numbers ...
The Immune System
... roads that only police and construction may drive on, our blood has a parallel circulatory system called lymph • Lymph is blood plasma and white blood cells, and also picks up pathogens from the tissues ...
... roads that only police and construction may drive on, our blood has a parallel circulatory system called lymph • Lymph is blood plasma and white blood cells, and also picks up pathogens from the tissues ...
PPT 23
... Frenkel (1947). Suspensions of the epithelial cells were prepared from the tongues of healthy cattle, maintained and infected in vitro. The Frenkel procedure was used for vaccine production for many years. ...
... Frenkel (1947). Suspensions of the epithelial cells were prepared from the tongues of healthy cattle, maintained and infected in vitro. The Frenkel procedure was used for vaccine production for many years. ...
Microsoft Word
... 6. Complete the following statements concerning nonspecific defenses. a. The epidermis (skin) secretes __________ that functions to ________________. b. The epidermis acts as a barrier against __________________. c. The skin contains _________, which makes it resistant to acids, bases, and bacteria ...
... 6. Complete the following statements concerning nonspecific defenses. a. The epidermis (skin) secretes __________ that functions to ________________. b. The epidermis acts as a barrier against __________________. c. The skin contains _________, which makes it resistant to acids, bases, and bacteria ...
Quiz: Body Defenses
... 6. Complete the following statements concerning nonspecific defenses. a. The epidermis (skin) secretes __________ that functions to ________________. b. The epidermis acts as a barrier against __________________. c. The skin contains _________, which makes it resistant to acids, bases, and bacteria ...
... 6. Complete the following statements concerning nonspecific defenses. a. The epidermis (skin) secretes __________ that functions to ________________. b. The epidermis acts as a barrier against __________________. c. The skin contains _________, which makes it resistant to acids, bases, and bacteria ...
acquired immunity
... • Fish antibody seems to have weak opsoniting activity but in the presence of complemet, opsonization is strong because activation of the classical complement path way. • CRP&MBP have also been reported to have opsonizing effect in fish. ...
... • Fish antibody seems to have weak opsoniting activity but in the presence of complemet, opsonization is strong because activation of the classical complement path way. • CRP&MBP have also been reported to have opsonizing effect in fish. ...
LSU Neuroscience Center of Excellence Health Sciences
... controversy for decades. We recognized that innate immune cells (macrophages/microglia) play an essential part in CNS recovery from axotomy. Subsequently, we found that T cells recognizing CNS-specific antigens are needed for CNS maintenance and repair. We formulated the concept of "protective autoi ...
... controversy for decades. We recognized that innate immune cells (macrophages/microglia) play an essential part in CNS recovery from axotomy. Subsequently, we found that T cells recognizing CNS-specific antigens are needed for CNS maintenance and repair. We formulated the concept of "protective autoi ...
Chapter 13 Physical Activity and the Immune System
... system of vertebrates including all mammals (humans included), birds, reptiles, and fish. Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function. Such roles include: (1) replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and (2) in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move ...
... system of vertebrates including all mammals (humans included), birds, reptiles, and fish. Monocytes play multiple roles in immune function. Such roles include: (1) replenish resident macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and (2) in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move ...
Type IV hypersensitivity
... These cells are phagocytosed and destroyed by phagocytes that express FcR and CR Main mechanism in autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia and hemolysis in transfusion reactions. ...
... These cells are phagocytosed and destroyed by phagocytes that express FcR and CR Main mechanism in autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia and hemolysis in transfusion reactions. ...
PowerPoint to accompany
... The first thing to remember is that most microorganisms arriving at the external surfaces of the body fail to establish a colony. Just as in military strategy, the hardest thing for an invader to do is to establish a beachhead. So one cardinal property which distinguishes microorganisms capable of c ...
... The first thing to remember is that most microorganisms arriving at the external surfaces of the body fail to establish a colony. Just as in military strategy, the hardest thing for an invader to do is to establish a beachhead. So one cardinal property which distinguishes microorganisms capable of c ...
Acquired Immunity Defends Against Infection of Body Cells and Fluids
... • Cytotoxic T cells are the effector cells in a cell-mediated immune response. • They require signaling molecules from helper T cells as well as interactions with antigen-presenting cells. • When they are activated, they eliminate cancerous body cells and body cells infected by viruses or other intr ...
... • Cytotoxic T cells are the effector cells in a cell-mediated immune response. • They require signaling molecules from helper T cells as well as interactions with antigen-presenting cells. • When they are activated, they eliminate cancerous body cells and body cells infected by viruses or other intr ...
Understanding Stress and Disease
... Adaptive Immunity variable (custom) later, highly specific ‘‘remembers’’ infection ...
... Adaptive Immunity variable (custom) later, highly specific ‘‘remembers’’ infection ...
T cell receptor
... ● CD8 co-receptors confer preference for class I MHC-peptide complexes (cytotoxic T-cell) ● CD4 co-receptors confer preference for class II MHC-peptide complexes (T-helper cells) ● T-cells undergo V(D)J recombination to create a diverse number of TCRs, similar to Immunoglobulins but they do not unde ...
... ● CD8 co-receptors confer preference for class I MHC-peptide complexes (cytotoxic T-cell) ● CD4 co-receptors confer preference for class II MHC-peptide complexes (T-helper cells) ● T-cells undergo V(D)J recombination to create a diverse number of TCRs, similar to Immunoglobulins but they do not unde ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.