Lesson 1: The Immune System - Lecture Notes | Vaccine Education
... • Antibodies are Y-shaped molecules with two distinct regions: a constant region and a variable region. The variable region allows different antibodies to recognize different pathogens. Antibodies are specific to antigens. ...
... • Antibodies are Y-shaped molecules with two distinct regions: a constant region and a variable region. The variable region allows different antibodies to recognize different pathogens. Antibodies are specific to antigens. ...
Chapter 40 Review
... • What types of cells are used in a humoral response? B cells • What types of cells are used in a cell-mediated response? T cells ...
... • What types of cells are used in a humoral response? B cells • What types of cells are used in a cell-mediated response? T cells ...
Topic 6.3 Defence against infectious disease
... Killer (Cytotoxic) cells attack with perforin or nitric oxide. T memory cells remember the antigen for a later attack. T suppressor cells switch off T and B cells after attack over. ...
... Killer (Cytotoxic) cells attack with perforin or nitric oxide. T memory cells remember the antigen for a later attack. T suppressor cells switch off T and B cells after attack over. ...
Study Guidelines: Scientific Method
... 4. Complete the “Acquired Immunity…Activating the immune system” hand out by printing it out and then using the cards on the second page to fill in 1-6d on the first page. 5. Formulate a prediction that explains why you only get chickenpox once (most people) but can get the flu almost every year. 6. ...
... 4. Complete the “Acquired Immunity…Activating the immune system” hand out by printing it out and then using the cards on the second page to fill in 1-6d on the first page. 5. Formulate a prediction that explains why you only get chickenpox once (most people) but can get the flu almost every year. 6. ...
Chapter 35 Immunity
... c. The type of chemical they use to kill cells D. Stains that are used to identify them e. The researchers who described them ...
... c. The type of chemical they use to kill cells D. Stains that are used to identify them e. The researchers who described them ...
Protection against Disease
... Antibodies are molecules synthesises by animals in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen) They are made by B lymphocytes Antibodies are proteins found in plasma, tissue fluid and milk They are also called Immunoglobins ...
... Antibodies are molecules synthesises by animals in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen) They are made by B lymphocytes Antibodies are proteins found in plasma, tissue fluid and milk They are also called Immunoglobins ...
National Research Program
... Melody is investigating how the immune system clears away cancer cells to identify ways to help improve this process in transplant patients. Her aim is to reduce GVHD and its associated immune-deficiency while promoting the immune system’s clearance of leukaemia. “The white blood cells that kill res ...
... Melody is investigating how the immune system clears away cancer cells to identify ways to help improve this process in transplant patients. Her aim is to reduce GVHD and its associated immune-deficiency while promoting the immune system’s clearance of leukaemia. “The white blood cells that kill res ...
CAST OF CHARACTERS: WHITE BLOOD CELLS
... Monocytes: once in tissues, monocytes differentiate into highly mobile macrophages “big eaters” *Phagocytes: large white blood cells that can engulf and digest microorganisms and other antigenic particles – ...
... Monocytes: once in tissues, monocytes differentiate into highly mobile macrophages “big eaters” *Phagocytes: large white blood cells that can engulf and digest microorganisms and other antigenic particles – ...
Non-Specific Defense
... B cells start to make chemicals called antibodies. Antibodies lock onto foreign antigens making it easier for other immune cells to destroy them. ...
... B cells start to make chemicals called antibodies. Antibodies lock onto foreign antigens making it easier for other immune cells to destroy them. ...
PowerPoint - Curriculum
... glands. It primarily affects the respiratory and digestive systems of children and young adults. ...
... glands. It primarily affects the respiratory and digestive systems of children and young adults. ...
Innate Immunity Notes
... 1) produce antimicrobial toxins in the gastrointestinal tract C) Lactobacillus 1) produce lactic acid in the vagina causing the pH to be too low for other bacteria to survive D. Cell Communicators 1. allow cells to communicate with their environment and each other 2. two components A) surface recept ...
... 1) produce antimicrobial toxins in the gastrointestinal tract C) Lactobacillus 1) produce lactic acid in the vagina causing the pH to be too low for other bacteria to survive D. Cell Communicators 1. allow cells to communicate with their environment and each other 2. two components A) surface recept ...
Immune system summary
... The function of the immune system is to fight infection through the production of cells that are able to identify and destroy foreign cells and materials that do not belong in the body. This system relies on a series of different cells that can recognize, attack, destroy, and “remember” each type of ...
... The function of the immune system is to fight infection through the production of cells that are able to identify and destroy foreign cells and materials that do not belong in the body. This system relies on a series of different cells that can recognize, attack, destroy, and “remember” each type of ...
Innate immunity/ cont…II.Second line: 2.Phagocytosis:
... The macrophages produce cytokines as IL-1 & TNF.These activate endothelial cells of nearby venules to produce adhesion molecules (selectin, integrins, & ICAM) and chemkines (e.g.,IL-8) which mediate MIGRATION of leucocytes & monocytes from the blood to tissues (diapedesis). The phagocytes have ...
... The macrophages produce cytokines as IL-1 & TNF.These activate endothelial cells of nearby venules to produce adhesion molecules (selectin, integrins, & ICAM) and chemkines (e.g.,IL-8) which mediate MIGRATION of leucocytes & monocytes from the blood to tissues (diapedesis). The phagocytes have ...
Diseases of the Immune System Robbins Basic Pathology Chapter 4
... Each person has a unique MHC antigenic profile (the HLA haplotype) Rejection of tissue transplants: HLA molecules of the graft evoke both humoral and cellmediated response, leading to graft rejection ...
... Each person has a unique MHC antigenic profile (the HLA haplotype) Rejection of tissue transplants: HLA molecules of the graft evoke both humoral and cellmediated response, leading to graft rejection ...
Topic 10 revision notes - Mr Cartlidge`s Saigon Science Blog
... – cells (phagocytosis and antibody production by white blood cells) – which can be enhanced by vaccination Explain the importance of good personal hygiene, hygienic food preparation, waste disposal and sewage treatment in controlling the spread of disease State that antibodies lock on to antigens le ...
... – cells (phagocytosis and antibody production by white blood cells) – which can be enhanced by vaccination Explain the importance of good personal hygiene, hygienic food preparation, waste disposal and sewage treatment in controlling the spread of disease State that antibodies lock on to antigens le ...
5 dent inflammation and mucosal immunity
... • 68% of circulating leukocytes, 99% of circulating granulocytes • Phagocytic cells • Are not present in healthy tissues • Migration elimination of pathogens (enzymes, reactive oxygen intermediates) ...
... • 68% of circulating leukocytes, 99% of circulating granulocytes • Phagocytic cells • Are not present in healthy tissues • Migration elimination of pathogens (enzymes, reactive oxygen intermediates) ...
Chapter 43 The Body`s Defenses
... antibodies in the blood.(respond to free bacteria, viruses and toxins in the blood) • B. ______ ________ immunity depends on the action of T cells.(respond to bacteria and viruses within infected cells and also against fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms) • C.The _____ ____ cell is necessary for bo ...
... antibodies in the blood.(respond to free bacteria, viruses and toxins in the blood) • B. ______ ________ immunity depends on the action of T cells.(respond to bacteria and viruses within infected cells and also against fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms) • C.The _____ ____ cell is necessary for bo ...
Unit 4 Immunology Summary
... (d) Immunological memory. Some T and B lymphocytes produced in response to antigens by clonal selection survive long term as memory cells. A secondary exposure to the same antigen rapidly gives rise to a new clone of lymphocytes producing a rapid and greater immunological response. 3 The transmissi ...
... (d) Immunological memory. Some T and B lymphocytes produced in response to antigens by clonal selection survive long term as memory cells. A secondary exposure to the same antigen rapidly gives rise to a new clone of lymphocytes producing a rapid and greater immunological response. 3 The transmissi ...
Immunity
... any injurious stress is called immune system Te stress may be intrinsic (inside of the body) or extrinsic (out side of the body) Antigen: is any substance that elicits an immune response, from a virus to a sliver. Antibody: Proteins secreted by the Lymphocytes in response to antigen ...
... any injurious stress is called immune system Te stress may be intrinsic (inside of the body) or extrinsic (out side of the body) Antigen: is any substance that elicits an immune response, from a virus to a sliver. Antibody: Proteins secreted by the Lymphocytes in response to antigen ...
Immune System Overview
... In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to fetus. Expressed on the surface of B cells and in a secreted form with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early s ...
... In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to fetus. Expressed on the surface of B cells and in a secreted form with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early s ...
Features of structural change of corticotropic cells of pituitary gland
... regulation of immunological functions of an organism by means of endocrine system is proved [4, 9]. For many physiological systems of an organism the multilevel principle of regulation is characteristic [5]. The process of immunogenesis consists of two basic stages. First from them is specific, rela ...
... regulation of immunological functions of an organism by means of endocrine system is proved [4, 9]. For many physiological systems of an organism the multilevel principle of regulation is characteristic [5]. The process of immunogenesis consists of two basic stages. First from them is specific, rela ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.